BrownGirl Brownstones

The prose fiction Brown girl, brownstones by Paula Marshall, is a bloodcurdling with autobiographical elements, tracking the life and experiences of the main protagonist, Salina Boyce and the family and friends in her life. Marshall uses various elements and techniques in the prose, to bring about different themes, characteristics and aspects in her novel. The text is set mainly in the sass's Brooklyn, New York, at a community of brownstone houses occupied by the Baja immigrants.Though there are various perspectives of other personae in the prose, Marshall uses a third person reiterative to show the first person perspective of Salina. The story begins with Salina at ten years old and continues until she is no longer a minor. It shows the theme of identity as Salina is trying to find who she is amongst members in her family. â€Å"But they have taken no photographs†¦ † Was one of the first time Saline's loneliness can be seen in the text. She is Jealous of the fact her par ents took photographs of the family before the death of her infant brother, yet took no keepsakes of hers.Then it goes on to where Marshall is a very descriptive narrator, using a cinematic effect in her story ailing. The scenes shift continuously to suggest simultaneous action which produces a dramatic effect that helps to build conflict and suspense. She also uses devices and diction to bring about various themes and symbolic elements in her text. She uses the technique of epigraph to start each chapter, it is a type of foreshadowing, hinting of what will happen throughout the chapter. It also helps to characterize individuals in the story.Contrast is also a reoccurring technique in the text, as characters such as Sills and Tighten, Nina and Salina, have contradictory personalities. There is also introduction in the symbols and diction in the text. Words such as ‘winter' and ‘Sun', ‘darkness' and ‘light', are contradictory symbols referring to the character istics of individuals such as Saline's parents in the text. The writer involves the use of the Baja dialect as well as English, as if trying to incorporate the reader in the culture of Barbados and also add credibility and realism to the story.It suggests pride in the Baja culture. The author uses various figurative devices in the text. There is a heavy focus on the use of personification and architectural imagery. Symbolism is evident n the prose; using colors such as red to represent romance and sexual relationships; and white, and brownstones to represent upward mobility, status and unattainable goals. Land in the text is also symbolic of independence and opportunity. The use of conflict, such as; mother-daughter, husband-wife, black-white, is brought out by the symbols and conflicting elements in the prose.It shows the destruction in relationships, and accentuates climatic moments, such as when Tighten, used the money Sills stole from him, or when Silent told the whole Baja asso ciation, she'd tricked them. Marshall uses devices such as; imagery, epigraph, motif, reasoning, pathetic fallacy and biblical allusion, to show racism, identity, women in society, family, deceit, and various other themes in the prose fiction. The denouement, begins with Silent recognizing who she is and making final decisions for herself.After all her trials and lost relationships, she finally covers her identity, accepting who she has become, the trials she is yet to face and the people in her past who has made her who she is today. Especially her mother, whom she had always fought against. Rational The life of Tighten Boyce, was the subject chosen for the poem between many view Tighten as a problem in the text Brown girl, brownstones, giving him no sympathy. The poem was intended to convey sympathy for Tighten.His life in the poem is specifically intriguing as though he causes many shifts in characteristics of others in the text, his own life is not emphasized. The poem will hope fully give an explanation of the circumstances surrounding the issues of Tighten death, and his life. Mocking Jay I saw a song bird fight a bird of prey, Beautiful-ugly, he was, filled with sorrow, was she. Night and day, He sang a tune of love and wonder, She sang back of vices and plunder, I tried to save that mocking Jay, But the night stole him away.Where are you my mocking Jay? Trapped in the tomb of brown stones? Your young are calling, where are you? Won't you fight the snow away? Don't you hear the light's moans? Has she trapped him too? No longer perched on your window sills They've clipped your wings You've destroyed their prison The flock screams their Baja banter Fly away home my mocking Jay Swim home my song bird But, mocking Jay's never dive†¦ I'll send a new light your way†¦ For you to see through winter's clock†¦ To save your flock†¦ To blind your eyes†¦And save you from the dark†¦ Shattered tunes of my broken song bird Remember your pra yers Eulogy. The sad broken memory. The life you ran away. Dead like marrow staining the asphalt. Staining corals a sea away. Songs long dead, I'll sing them to you. I'll pray your tarnished soul away. Tighten, my mocking Jay. Analysis The poem â€Å"mocking Jay†, is a kind of stanza elegy, in tribute to a character in the prose text â€Å"Brown girl, Brownstones†. The poet uses the mimicking bird, mocking Jay, to represent the character Tighten in the prose text.Not only do mocking Jays have a gift in music, which was one of the professional genres Tighten attempted, but hey repeat everything sung to them in a mocking manner. Tighten, like these birds, reflects a mocking version of the negatives surround him; from using the money his wife stole from him, to purchase frivolous gifts to spite her; to changing his course of study every time he is confronted with racism or barriers. Tighten also has the dream like (surreal), and fun loving attributes common to these birds .The poem comprises of four sestets, a couplet a single line and a septet. The stanza formation, is quite symbolic. The first stanza is the first of the four sestets. At the end of each sentence in this sestets is a comma. This represents the fact that this relatively pleasant chapter in his life is not yet complete, it won't end in a ‘happy ever after'. It is as if to say that the beginning of their relationship was an unfinished dream. The second sestets ends in a question within, as if questioning the relationship, not understanding the change in the relationship and in Sills.The third sestets ends without punctuation is representative to all the times Tighten and the audience were waiting to see Sill's response to sightings behavior. The final sestets concludes with â€Å"structured-chaotic† punctuation, of when Sill's revenge unfolds it was chaotic n the circumstances of deportation, but structured in that it was her plan all along. Combining with the lack of punct uation, the couplet of stanza five signifies his never ending pain. It symbolizes that, as the lack of punctuation prevents the sentence from truly being complete, his pain and suffering will not end even in the afterlife.The single line consists of one word â€Å"Eulogy†, this refers to the speech given at a funeral or a recollection of the past doings of an individual after he is dead. This word being the shortest stanza, represents the lack of quality and memorabilia Tighten has left behind with his children. The final stanza a sestets can be tied to the biblical representation of the day God rested. The number seven represents the change that occurs after an accomplished cycle. Tighten, accomplices all he could so the last stanza represents his death the final rest he accomplished after his life cycle.The poem has a steady rhythms. Though not all stanzas have a structured rhyme scheme, the poem still flows as if it does. It is like the steady yet unusual flow of life, Jus t as the poem is a depiction of Digestion's life as was represented in the rose fiction. The first stanza contains a set of rhyming couplets, repeating the first rhyme in the last stanza (an â€Å"a, a b, b a, a† format). The last rhyme however is a forced rhyme, this is there to show that leaving the omnipresence was not something the Jay wanted, but was what was forced on him.The second stanza consists of alternate rhymes that emphasize the questioning in this stanza, that he is running alternate scenarios in his mind as to why the wife who used to love him hates him so much now. The fourth sestets has the last rhyme, â€Å"clock† and â€Å"flock†. This symbolizes hat the time he has left with his children is limited as his death is nearing. The rest of the poem is rhyming going parallel to the pores fiction as explanations are revealed in the story, the confusion and rhyming stops.The poem commences with the omnipresent narrator giving a visual imagery of the meeting between two contradicting birds. The â€Å"song bird† represents something happy, passive and peaceful, while â€Å"bird of prey† represents something sly, dominating and warlike. The story continues with oxymoron inverted syntaxes of line two, that helps to emphasize that the creatures have contradicting personae and that their union could ever last as it was based on confusion. Just as in the prose fiction, Sills thought she could turn Tighten into someone he wasn't, and failed.The diction used in the first stanza such as; â€Å"vices†, â€Å"Jay† and â€Å"Night†, aid in displaying the theme of conflict in relationships. ‘Vic's' is the Latin word for change, in reference to the context it highlights Sill's need to change her husband's persona and fight to create a life for them that he never wanted. The capitalization dif words such as Jay and Night, personify these nonhuman objects, in the case of the Jay it helps to emphasize th is Ewing a character trait of Tighten, while the Night highlights Sill's character as bright cold and heartless, but at that time seeming beautiful and peaceful.Lines three and four of the first stanza also help to concretion the theme of contradictory persons in relationships, displayed in the first stanza. Stanza two is a rhetorical question sestets, it constantly asks questions the Jay' is obviously unable to answer, and these are symbolic of the time where the relationship between Sills and Tighten was confusing. He didn't know where she stood, whether still in love with IM or hating h for the injustice she believes he did to their son, the first line emphasizes this.It follows with a reference to the brownstone house Sills spent a majority of the text fighting to obtain. The use of diction such as â€Å"prison†, â€Å"brown†, and â€Å"stones† was a slight pun as a Jay would find a house made of stones a prison, and Juxtaposed with the text, it can be said that Tighten saw the house his wife fought so much for was like a prison to him, and a symbol of his failures in his relationships and providing for his family. Line two is the first and only mention of their children in the poem.This is symbolic as it shows that not only did Tighten not spend enough time with them and focused more on himself, but he also failed as a father in that he couldn't protect them from the â€Å"snow† which is a personified symbolism of his wife. The personification of the ‘light', at the end of the stanza references all the happiness and innocence still in the family. When the persona asks about the moaning light that ‘she' has trapped it means that he was unable to prevent the happiness and life from leaving their family, this aids in uncovering the themes of failing one's family and loosing things that are important.The third stanza has the most textual allusions, the stanza opens with a pun, â€Å"window sills†. As a bird a sil l is somewhere you can rest, be at peace like a home, in this means Tighten no longer feels at home in the browns stones. Sills is also the name of his wife so it can mean that he is also no longer feeling happy in his marriage, as shown in the text queen he began going you the house form his mistress in the nights. â€Å"They've clipped your wings† line two of the stanza refers to when he almost got his arm amputated due to his indolence.This is symbolic as it is a physical representative ND slight foreshadowing of how his time was ending. The next line refers to the song they sang to him at the wedding. The ‘f†, ‘s', ‘the' and ‘b' fricative and plosive so funds of the fourth line in the third stanza, emphasizes the running and the drama happening in that scene of the text. The ‘swim home' in the last line of that stanza references the Caribbean since Islands in the Caribbean are surrounded by water. The last sestets refers to the last act ions before Digestion's death.It starts with a pun, on Digestion's childhood, as he dived for the coins white men through at him, and also an allusion to him diving to his death. The ‘new light' is symbolic for Digestion's religious period, where the movement of the new light helped him to finally discover himself, though completely swiping his personality. Winter's clock' is symbolic for Digestion's attempts at going back in time to rectify the problems mainly caused by his relationship with his wife.The couplet, single line and septet, is after his death. People have pained cries due to morning Digestion's death. The mansion of Prayers refer to his newfound beliefs and Eulogy is the speech given at a funeral. The final stanza is technically the omnipresence's eulogy for Tighten, though it shows that he s not someone people will remember with respect. It speaks of how he could have had a life if he'd made different choices. It gives an image of his death at sea, and its conne ction to his past in the Caribbean.It then shows the general sadness surrounding his death, and accentuates the theme of death in the text. The poem changes from a tone of observation, to unease, to sadness. Hopefully bringing out an overall sympathy for the persona. Though it is not a total rhyming poem, it still has a flowing rhythms that showcases the life cycle of Tighten, as shown in the text. Conclusion The text Brown girl, brownstones, is an excellent depiction of women and men in immigrant communities.Most persons generally sympathize with the women of these communities, however this poem has hopefully garnered a positive response to men in these communities, and those shown in the text. This may help persons to recognize that women were not the only ones with problems in the text. The blame for these conflicts also, should not be solely the fault of males like Tighten, in the prose, but equally shared between each individual, and characters in the prose fiction.

Administrative Ethics Paper Essay

In the health care setting for administrators there is an ongoing occurrence of ethical issues implicit in daily activities. A health care administrator we have assignments to the business as well as to ourselves to help the customers and our coworkers who accommodated and checked the patients within the company. The information technology system is growing rapidly this is an ethical issue for the administrators that always shows itself within the company and that is the confidentiality of data. Confidentiality information is private, facts about another person, company, etc. in a health care setting confidentiality is patients’ medical information stored into a system by the company. When working in the healthcare fields there are some rules concerning confidentiality, and they are; know the facts, have decision-making skills that control confidential data, and have some ethical alertness. The significance of developing ethical alertness is being able to handle confidential data, boosted education, and conversations regarding these problems should happen within the company to give pessimistic opinions of the coworkers and this could assist them to get through the conversation, conservative views, and moral instruction, this could take along groundbreaking ways for coworkers and other to efficiently to reply hard data, and this potentially could come into view. As an administrator, we are avowed in by morals to value the confidentiality of data we intake, and use for the company. Confidentiality data can have but is not restricted to, staff private data and recompense records. The issue and impact on the population that affects most will be explained in this case study; this will be the scenery for the moral examination of problems an administrator linked to revealing confidential data regarding a worker. We have a nurse name Michelle, who is the leading nurse at a hospital with 250 beds. Michelle has worked in the administration field for three years and thinks highly of herself compared to the other coworkers in the company. When it came to decision making Michelle always found a way to disagree. Michelle  acknowledges that the company is unstable from general duties of the company price extracting and also includes employee reduction. Michelle acknowledged that the gross was high that it usually is, and this could cause hardship in the working environment that will also consist of workers not certified and obligatory overtime. Michelle thinks these problems were due because of the altering attitude of the hospital managerial team. We have Nurse Jackie, who is the second head nurse; she has worked in the nursing field for a few years. She is mothers who use to stay-at-home and take care of her family (husband, and daughters). When Jackie’s children got older Jackie wanted to go back to work. Jackie’s husband realized with his paycheck and her paycheck combined they would not have enough funds to support their daughters for college and their tuition increases every year. A position at the hospital opened for her to apply for and Jackie’s husband thought that would be a superior idea for Jackie to apply for it because it could assist him and her on helping their daughters with college. Jackie got hired, although her nursing knowledge has not been streamlined. Jackie thought that because she was not a permanent staff worker there that they would not ask her to do much so she took on more hours. The administrator for nursing name is Karen; she is also associates with Michelle. These two ladies have had issue regarding quality of care. Michelle began drama regarding supple workers pool nurses to work on the medical units to Karen’s attention, without an acceptable answer. Karen’s workers were arbitrarily assigned in various parts of the hospital, which made it hard for Karen to monitor her staff. Karen’s view of Michelle is her certainty that the nurses ought to have awareness in every aspect of medicine, whereas Karen think this is idealistic considering they go in various assorted areas. Jackie began to see work as a stressful environment; she did not get to make friends with any coworkers because they were constantly moving around to different departments. She gave out medication to patients who did not recognize her. When Jackie had a question she would ask the physician, and they would not answer her so she would ask Karen for help. Work for Jackie was becoming unbearable, but her husband did not care he was happy to see the paychecks coming in and wanted her to keep working overtime because it was helping his and her savings big time. Jackie felt trapped because she wanted to lessen her hours at work, but her husband wanted her to do more hours so in result  Jackie began to taking drugs, she knew this could affect her job, but she needed to do this to decrease her stress. Jackie’s changes were not noticed for a while until she was told to work in the surgical area for a few weeks to assist an employee who was leaving for vacation. A pharmacist noticed a difference in giving out medication for example, a rare rise in narcotics and errors of signatures on the medication paperwork. The pharmacist took the problem to Michelle and Michelle did some investigating. Jackie was found guilty and Michelle went to Jackie’s boss who is Karen. Karen and Michelle talked to Jackie, Jackie admitted her wrongdoing, Karen resolute was for Jackie to go to a rehabilitation center and recover from this and when she does she could come back and work for the company. Karen also chose to not tell the state board of Registered Professional Nurses. After these events occurred Michelle chose to have a meeting with the nurse manager of surgical unit, human resources director, and the chair of the nursing ethics committee to decide rather she needs to be more should have happened in a situation like this. Jackie does have the right to confidentiality, but Michelle thought this could be a good staff conversation. Karen believed total opposite; she believed this would break Jackie’s confidentiality. The problem at the meeting was confidentiality and the nurses having incompatible opinions of confidentiality and the impression on others. Michelle believed that the way Jackie had act failed her position because patients were not treated correctly and other staff actions had been effect by Jackie’s duties so Michelle believed that meeting need to be held. Michelle believed the patient’s pain was impaired, and Jackie’s unwillingness harmed the patients. This was essential to her to demonstrate that the company was devoted to suitable action in giving a precautious workplace of knowledgeable workers/patients. Examinations of moral questions have an organized procedure to decide and choose the best result a problem occurs when there are moral questions with various results. When a problem does not occur there are no moral problems. A great moral result is reliant on good problem recognition and detail meetings. There are many ethical reasons to maintain confidentiality, and some are; protect private data that will consist of respecting others, maintaining sureness, which raises open discussion. We all have the power and guidance to have accountability to exercise in a steadily moral way. References 1. Badzek, L., Mitchell, K., Marra, S., Bower, M., and (Dec.31 1998): Administrative Ethics and Confidentiality/Privacy issues Online Journal of Issues in Nursing. Vol 3, No.3 Retrieved September 29, 2012 www.nursingworld.org 2. Confidentiality in Health Care Health Care Professionals Must Learn the Rules of Confidentiality Sept. 29, 2012 Kathy Quan 3. HIPPA- Overview www.ufl.edu Copyright  © 2005 |University of Florida Retrieved September 29, 2012 Administrative Ethics Paper Essay In to world of healthcare, one thing has become very clear when talking about what is ethical and unethical, and that is if it is unethical it is almost always illegal. When discussing the topic of ethics you cannot leave out behavior. In most cases an individual’s behavioral patterns usually determines their level of ethical thought process. In the text is says this about behavior, â€Å"People’s behavior must match their set of values. It is not enough to believe that patient confidentiality is important if one then freely discusses a patient’s personal information with a coworker or a friend†(Fremgen, 2009). Patient Privacy is the issue at hand and one of the most important laws that we have governing healthcare profession today. According to the American Medical News Journal, patient health information was not being protected or secured to the highest level of standards in the eyes of the AMA (American Medical Association). In order to help improve tha t the AMA approved new policies that will provide a better blanket of security for the medical records of the individuals participating in any medical research (Aston, 1999). See more: Experiment on polytropic process Essay Supporting Facts The AMA wants to ensure that any entity in the United States that conducts research on human subjects are gaining proper consent for the research study, and that the consents are not being misused by others. These signed consents are permission slips for researchers to use medical information only for research purposes. The new policies focus on the confidentiality of the patient’s information that is obtained for the sake of medical research, and should not be shared for any other reason then what was originally intended. These policies also focus on accountability of many organizations and schools who conduct research to be ethical in their dealings with human  subjects. Good ethics means good intent and integrity. In terms of research any typing of alterations or fraudulent acts does in display good intent. This was the case with the NIH (National Institute of Health) and NCI (National Cancer Institute) who was accused by the author of the article of not living up to thei r mission statement. The mission statement of the NIH says† Science in pursuit of fundamental knowledge about the nature and behavior of living systems and the application of that knowledge to extend health life and reduce the burdens of illness and disability†(Lanfranchi, 2008). It also included a goal which states â€Å"to exemplify and promote the highest level of scientific integrity, public accountability, and social responsibility in the conduct of science† (Lanfranchi, 2008). These goals and mission statements from the outside look great however, it was later discover that fraudulent acts were done because of the pressure the NIH was placing on the researchers. This is a good example of unethical acts in research it start out with good intentions but ended in unethical acts will eventually turn into a legal issue. Ethical and Legal Issues In the article, the issues that were discussed were mainly ethical issues that could potentially turn into major legal issues. One of the issues mentioned was the fact that the IRB’s should have been more concerned with patient health information staying confidential. Though this is important, their main concern was the safety and wellbeing of research participants. The AMA developed recommendations that addressed both the informed consent issue and the confidentiality issue. Another issue was that the U.S. would only be allow a short time frame of 18mths to make stricter privacy laws and after that point federal laws would take over. Aside from the AMA’s recommendations AIVIA is a supporter of the idea that the United States should have the ability to pass stricter privacy laws (Aston,1999). According to research, the AIVIA ( All Indians Village Industries Association) is a board of 18 advisors that consist of distinguished scientist and leaders in public life founded by Mahatma Gandhi in 1934(www.mgiri.org). Managerial Responsibilities The article did not discuss any managerial responsibilities in terms of the  issues the AMA were trying to fix. In this case however, the AMA held their ground on the issues and stated that fairness should be across the board. They strongly urged that any time changes are being made to the research study that a new consent must be signed by the participants (Aston, 1999). Solutions The AMA task force is concerned with the improvement of the confidentiality and to joined forces with the IRB’s to create accountability for private research (Aston, 1999). The AMA came up with eight solutions/recommendations for the issues with informed consent and confidentiality and they are as follows: The first solution is to advocate where possible, informed consent should be obtained before personally identifiable health information is used for any purpose. If informed consent is not possible then the information must be stripped for the data and the entity accountable must determine that patient consent is not needed. The second solution states that the AMA urges the government to consider adding to the Common Rule Standards and require researchers to waive/ modify patient consent for the sue of personally identifiable health information only when other protection is in place. The third solution is to lobby for creation of a system in which research projects that fall outside the IRB process would be subject to review by local confidentiality assurance boards. The fourth solution is to make sure that teaching institutions involved in research receive personnel and resources to protect the individuals involved in the research study. The fifth solution states to continue to push for federal laws that provide a continuous layer of patient privacy protection that allows states to pass stronger measures. The sixth solution suggests to develop models of state confidentiality legislation to promote consistency The seventh solution states to continue to push to prohibit the sale and exchange of anyone’s personal identifiable health information. The eighth and final solution suggests to support voluntary of adherence to all IRB’s to the Common Rule Standards regardless of the institutions source of funding (Aston, 1999). References Aston, G., (1999). American Medical News. Delegates firm up privacy policy. Vol.42 (26). Pp.1-3. Fremgen, B, F., (2009). Medical Law and Ethics third ed. Ch.11 Ethical and Bioethical Issues in Medicine. Lanfranchi, A., (2008). Issues in Law and Medicine. The federal Government and Academic Texts as Barriers to informed Consent. Vol. 24 (1) pp. 61-69. Retrieved from http:// www.mgiri.org/about-institute. Administrative Ethics Paper Essay Administration ethics are becoming a very important subject. Administrative individuals are faced with a variety of ethical issues such as confidentiality. This paper will discuss confidentiality and patient privacy and its impact on the population that it affects most, arguments or facts that support a proposed solution, the ethical and legal issues in reference to confidentiality. It will also address the managerial responsibilities related to administrative ethical issues as well as any proposed solutions. The administration in any organization has responsibilities to self, to the organization, the clientele served and the employees who provide the services at the organization, so it is important to be aware of ethical issues because they are embedded in the everyday activities (The American Nurses Association, Inc, 2013). Confidentiality Confidential information includes facts that are secret, private or intimate that should not be shared unless it is approved. When dealing confidentiality in this day in time, information systems are becoming high tech and more effective within the health care field as well as an increased involvement of third parties who share the decision process have created some problems in reference to patient confidentiality and the ability to release private information to the appropriate individuals. Confidentiality has a major impact on the administration due to the fact that jobs are at stake when a patient’s privacy has been violated. The population that is affected the most by this is everyone within the administration, meaning the physician as well as the employees. The physician may not disclose any medical information revealed by a patient or discovered by a physician in connection with the treatment of the patient (American Medical Association, 1995-2013). This is important because when patients feel they can trust their physician, he or she can have a better chance being diagnosed appropriately and treated effectively. Without trust, the physician will receive partial information and it will make it difficult to treat patient. Arguments/Facts In reference to confidentiality, something has to be done to incorporate a more efficient way of distributing patient information. Some arguments include requiring ethical awareness, knowledge and decision-making skills as well as having several discussions about different ways to improve, retrospective analysis and ethical education (American Nurses Association, Inc 2013). By doing this the administration will have a more profound idea of what it takes to make sure that they can come up with innovative ways to answer difficult questions in regards to confidentiality. A big question that is often asked when dealing with confidentiality is under what circumstances is confidential information to be released. The fact still remains that any patient information that is released has to be approved or consented by the patient. Policies and regulations should be in place so that the employees comprehend what is appropriate and what is not. Ethical and Legal Issues The administration of any organization is possibly faced with many ethical and legal issues. For example, an employee works for a facility and he is in the office alone and a business calls in for some information regarding communicable diseases. The employee has not received any direct orders or any information from his manager to release information as such to anyone, but the company insists that the information will not be shared. The employee has to make an ethical and legal decision because he realizes that he is releasing patient information without consent and he could possibly lose his job if the information is released. The ethical and legal issues reported for confidentiality include whether or not administration should legitimately violate the confidentiality of an individual, for example, if it is to protect a vulnerable patient, or send confidential information to a third party for a more accurate diagnosis. Some legal issues reported include whether or not to release information to a third party in reference to a communicable disease to attempt to improve or cure diseases (NCBI, 1994). There are many rules and regulations that each state requires and they have to be followed. Managerial Responsibilities Managers have an important duty in understanding and realizing how ethical issues affect’s his or her staff. Managers need to be aware of the many different issues that arise as well as the best possible solutions to solve them. For example, if an employee works for a facility that begins to be more concerned with costs instead of quality and he or she has strong beliefs that it is very important to give the best service possible, this would be difficult for the employee, especially if the mission includes quality is of importance. This could call for high turnover, unacceptable working conditions and unlicensed personnel. With these types of issues, managers need to be there for their staff, so that they can direct them in the proper direction in reference to how to handle certain situations. Managers could take classes as well as employees so that everyone was aware of ethical issues and had a decision making process as how to approach them as they occurred. In this case, the employee should have discussed her feelings about the change to her manager and allowed him or her to make a decision on how to improve or change the decision to focus on cost in lieu of quality. Proposed Solutions Improving confidentiality is definitely an ongoing process due to many different challenges such as there are many different ways to make the process better. Gathering information and facts in reference to confidentiality, promoting training classes as well as keeping up with the rules and regulations in the appropriate states are all ways to help improve the issues with patient confidentiality. Another proposed solution is understanding conflict and reasons to maintain confidentiality. Issues are bound to arise in reference to confidential information and how it was handled; therefore the managers as well as the staff need to have extensive training in regards to confidentiality and how important it is to maintain it. . Conclusion In the conclusion, administration issues in regards to ethics are becoming a very important subject. Working to understand confidentiality and its impact on the population that it affects most, arguments or facts that support a proposed solution, the ethical and legal issues in reference to confidentiality as well as addressing the managerial responsibilities related to administrative ethical issues and any proposed solutions is a very productive and effective way to begin maintain confidentiality. Administrative Ethics Paper Essay Biomedical ethical issues are seen frequently in the news and are in constant scrutiny. The demand for social responsibility is high and available resources are limited. Health care leaders are faced with numerous administrative issues regarding patient privacy, research, confidentiality, and terminal illness. Much debate has surrounded medical spending on the terminally ill, such as the cost and allocation of resources toward end-of-life care. Choosing between prolonged life and quality of life are two difficult decisions to make. Nonetheless, it is difficult to base one’s opinion until cancer has taken over one’s life. A close look at administrative issues surrounding end-of-life care will demonstrate the impact on a population, ethical, and legal implications, potential solutions to the problem, and managerial responsibilities. The Northern Mariana Islands (NMI) is a part of the United States territory because it’s establishment of commonwealth in political union and is home to approximately 44,000 people (Central Intelligence Agency, 2012). Because of the increase in chronic diseases and lack of available resources, several residents are referred to go off the island to seek health care in Guam and Hawaii (Doty, 2012). However, the medical referral program has a crucial problem with financing because of the large amount already owed (Doty, 2012). Although a budget of $2. 5 million is allotted for health care expenses for the medical referral program, it only covers half of the costs incurred in 2011 (Doty, 2012). Therefore, officials viewed rationing of medical services necessary to keep costs at bay. Among the rationing of medical services is the allocation of resources to terminally ill patients. According to Doty (2012), a medical provider states, â€Å"As a community, we must address the reality of spending precious resources on end-stage patients who will die within a short amount of time with or without medical treatment. † The method of triage rationing raises ethical concerns because patients are treated as if they were soldiers out on a battlefield where only those with a higher chance of survival are saved. Although unspoken, the practice of rationing services is common in the NMI. The population is negatively impacted by the health care crisis and the lack of hospice care. Family members of ailing patients are seen holding signs requesting for donations so their loved one may receive off-island treatment (Doty, 2012, para. 33). Cost and allocation of resources are clearly administrative issues that need ethical evaluation. A senior administrator of the NMI seems lost at finding a solution and reminisces of the time when people accepted their fate and lived on the principle, â€Å"we live and die on our islands† (Doty, 2012). The ethical and legal implications of rationing health services have many facets. Generosity and independence are among the ethical principles associated with allocating health resources; however, that is not the case when resources are scarce and funding is limited. As demonstrated in the NMI, mainly the poor and middle class are subjected to health care rationing. Aside from the poor, people most affected by health care rationing are the elderly and disabled persons (Peters, 1995). It is unethical of those with tremendous discretionary power to favor the prestigious over the poor or disabled. However, rationing based on the ability to pay already exists and is completely legal, such as rationing care of Medicaid patients or rationing by insurance companies (Fremgen, 2009). Although some people may believe rationing health care is unethical, it is economically inevitable as the demand for scarce health care resources increase. Therefore, it requires ethical consideration when allocating health resources. According to the article, the proposed solution is a policy on medical care rationing (Doty, 2012). However, some politicians claim the unnamed policy is already put into practice. Furthermore, the administration proposes a tighter budget for the 2012 fiscal year but does not elaborate on how it will be accomplished (Doty, 2012). The manager of the medical referral services suggested to administration that the program be suspended and only used for emergency cases (Doty, 2012). However, no action has been taken to suspend the program. Another suggested solution is to place high emphasis on prevention and primary care to avoid excessive referrals during critical stages. Furthermore, hospice care is not available to everyone on the NMI, which if made an option, may minimize the health crisis by decreasing the demand of health care resources. Nonetheless, evaluating the effectiveness of treatment and cost is essential in allocating resources. Managers are responsible for implementing cost/benefit analysis to best use the institution’s resources. Peters (1995) states, â€Å"Cost-effectiveness calculations have the appeal of incorporating outcomes research, patient preferences, and expected costs into a rational and potentially sophisticated scheme for maximizing health care outcomes from the available resources. † However, cost/benefit analysis alone should not be the primary basis for allocating resources. Managers must also ensure health resources are distributed equitably. Nevertheless, a solid solution has not yet to develop as the situation worsens in the NMI. A leader’s responsibility and accountability for appropriately rationing healthcare is tremendous. Because resources are limited, leaders must diligently follow eligibility criteria that satisfy legal and social standards. However, the approach is not easy and frequent subject of debate. Some consider health resource allocation is necessary but others find it morally repugnant. Therefore, the manager’s responsibility toward allocation decisions requires evaluation of distributive justice principles for ethical dilemmas. For example, need, equity, contribution, ability to pay, patient effort, and merit are principles useful in determining resources allocation (Armstrong, 1998). Each patient situation has unique circumstances that require healthcare leaders to view subjectively. Nonetheless, leader’s responsibility is to set clear guidelines for allocating resources so health care providers can remain advocates for their patients. Allocation of medical services in poverty stricken NMI indeed has ethical and legal implications with no easy solution. The population is in dire need of distributive justice. Administrators are at a loss with the health care crisis of financial burden and limited resources. Nonetheless, health care leaders must fulfill their obligations to their organization and community by using ethical principles to guide them in making difficult decisions. Nevertheless, perhaps proposed solutions turned into policy may minimize the need for off-island medical referrals. Administrative issues surrounding end-of-life care demonstrated the impact on a population, ethical, and legal implications, potential solutions to the problem, and managerial responsibilities. Administration indeed has tremendous social responsibility.

House of Leaves

China, IL, I would like to hear more about Zampano and Johnny’s mother being the same. What did you talk about in your class? I agree with most of the contributors here that there is a lot of evidence in favor of Zampano and Johnny being the same person, although even the examples themselves (including mine, below) don’t really give much away as a result of the complicated narrative structure. In my class, my professor draws a diagram every day with concentric circles, the space between each pair of circles representing a different narrator dictating the actions of the narrator within his narrative, and so on. For example, The Navidson Record is in the center, Zampano encircles The N. R. , Zampano’s reading assistants/volunteers encircle Zampano, Truant encircles Zampano’s readers, and the Editors encircle Truant. This doesn’t even include Johnny’s mother, another potential author. To make a long story very short, anybody could have written anything, and the â€Å"errors† and â€Å"typos† don’t help—they make it even more confusing. Take for instance page 320. Near the top, in the second paragraph, Zampano writes, â€Å"Regrettably, Tom fails to stop at a sip. A few hours later he has finished off the whole fifth as well as half a bottle of wine. He might have spent all night drinking had exhaustion not caught up with me. † This should read â€Å"caught up with him† but instead suddenly switches to the first person. This could mean several things: 1) Zampano made a Freudian slip and referred to himself here even though he didn’t drink 2) Johnny has been writing the Navidson Record all along and slipped (it would make more sense since he, like Tom, depends on drugs and alcohol to function) 3) Johnny did it intentionally just to screw with us 4) (and this is a stretch) Maybe they’re Navidson’s words. If Navidson was real, it would make sense that he would make an error because the subject of Tom is so painful to him What do other people think?

Language Therapy of Disorders of Fluency Assignment

Language Therapy of Disorders of Fluency - Assignment Example Moreover, there is his mother’s cousin who stuttered at a young age but later grew over it. Most of the young children undergo a period of stuttering of up to 5% of their speech. Majority of such cases are resolved either through treatment or spontaneously. Thus, chances are also high that Cara would grow over it by the age of five but the mother is concerned that the cycle is deteriorating since her stutters are more obvious and rampant now occurring on a daily basis. The second benefit is visible in the way her mother is concerned about her (Cara’s) wellbeing and thus took her to a speech therapist. She was concerned about the intervention taking place for her daughter. She indicated that Cara’s speech and language skills developed at a similar rate to that of her peers. However, the problem began soon after her 3rd birthday when she began stuttering and having real difficulties in pronouncing words. The stuttering appeared to have gone and then come back worse than ever. Thus, the mother was concerned about the welfare of her daughter since she felt the condition had deteriorated and she could not wait for a longer period before she could intervene for her daughter. The third advantage is the way Cara lives in a well-integrated nuclear family. She lives at home with her mother, father and her baby brother who is one year old. This nuclear family provides her with the required parental support (Cummings 2008). Her health condition is good and she has a very active lifestyle where she is able to meet all her milestones in development. Her gross and even the fine motors skills are of appropriate according to her age and she presents excellent play skills. Cara has developed her language and speech at a similar rate with her peers. This is a good sign indicating that her stuttering could just be a phase that she was going through and she could come over it before the age of five.

Stockholders' Equity (Assignment 10) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Stockholders' Equity ( 10) - Assignment Example Common stock Authorized The most significant change was the change in comprehensive income whereby Pentair, Inc. recorded an overwhelming percentage of 576.94. The other significant change in stockholders equity involved a negative change in the amount of total stockholders’ equity which was recorded at -7.15%. 4. Check here if your firm had no preferred stock outstanding. If your company had preferred stock outstanding at any time during the most recent year, indicate which of the following features apply. Pentair, Inc did not have any preferred stock. f. For characteristics a. through e. that apply to your firms preferred stock, indicate the specifics of that characteristic to your stock. For example, if it is convertible, under what terms can it be converted? If yes, identify the number of shares issued of each type of stock, par value (if any), and total dollar amount received from each issue. Pentair, Inc. issued 98,622.564 shares and collected 15,779,610.24 million dollars. These were class A common stock. Based on the Note about P/E ratios, what does your firms price-earnings ratio tend to indicate about investors expectations regarding the companys future earnings? Pentair, Inc has a high P/E ratio and this boosts investor confidence in the firm. The ratio basically indicates that the company is expected to produce higher earnings for its shareholders. Assuming the dividend yield ratio you just computed has been fairly constant over recent years, briefly explain what this reveals about the cash return an owner receives on his/her investment each year. Do you believe this is a satisfactory return on a stockholders investment? What other source of return (besides dividends) do stockholders earn on their investment? Pentair, Inc. has a low dividend yield on its common stocks. Investors always make money from their investments in stocks in form of both

Week 5 question 10 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Week 5 question 10 - Assignment Example Diversity is of great importance in helping an organization to exercise the most appropriate practices especially in the changing structure of the workplace where women are becoming engaged in a similar way as men. Here, diversity would ensure that racial prejudices are not allowed and that any form of unfair discrimination is avoided and equality emphasized. This improves job satisfaction and the overall organization’s performance. Since the modern business environment is becoming more competitive, organizations are required to change and to embrace flexibility so as to remain competitive in their consecutive business sectors. Some of the most common forces that prompt an organization to change include technology, economic shocks, competition, world politics, and even social trends. However, some organizations encounter problems while attempting to change. This is mostly due to personal reasons such as habit, security, fear of the unknown, and economic factors and organizatio nal reasons that include structural inertia, group inertia, and threats to expertise. To deal with resistance to change, change agents can apply certain strategies that include education, communication, participation, development of positive relationships, coercion, and building support as well as commitment. Change helps an organization in not only remaining competitive but also in surviving in a highly competitive business

Family Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Family Law - Case Study Example At the outset, Derek needs to realise that cohabiting does not have certain legal rights the way marriage or civil partnerships do. Thus, Saadya death implies that Derek will not just inherit anything automatically, but only those assets the two owned jointly (Herring, 2011, p. 80). S. 2(2) of Law Reform (Succession) Act 1995 allows claims by the surviving cohabiting partner, if the cohabitation has lasted for an uninterrupted period of no less than two years prior to the other cohabitant death. Additionally, cohabitants do not possess rights when it comes to intestacy based on Administration of Estates Act 1925, and as such, when one partner dies and leaving a will behind, then that partner property will pass on, in accord with the stipulations on the will. In this case, the will still remains valid since Sadya and Derek did not enter into a marriage or a civil partnership so as to revoke the will. However, Derek can still apply for consideration in the estate of his deceased cohabitant. Nonetheless, Derek rights are next to nil, as he will not automatically accede to everything. The law states that everything will be executed according to the valid will, and as such, most of Sadya assets will go to her estate and siblings, instead of Derek automatically. Moreover, Derek cannot be able to apply as an overseer of Sadya estate as he is not considered a relative (Probert & Blanpain, 2011, p. 109). Likewise, the surviving cohabiting partner is to a lesser degree well positioned than a marriage spouse, in claiming beneficial interest, when it comes to property which is registered in the sole name of his partner, as reiterated in James v Thomas [2007] EWCA Civ 1212. When it comes to the house, it is considered as typical rule of contract, pas sage, equity and trusts, and does not make a variation between married and unmarried couples, as stated in court cases Pettit v Pettit [1970] AC 777, and that of Gissing v Gissing [1971] AC 886. Accordingly, since the house is under a tenant in common ownership, Derek and Sadya do not have equal rights to that home. That is why the 75% house ownership will pass to Sadya estate as stated in the will (Burton, 2012, p. 198). The fact that Sadya transferred the house into their joint names holding as tenants in common, with Sadya owning 75% and Derek owning 25%, this fulfils the condition of conveyance towards joint names of cohabiting couple, with clear declaration of their individual beneficial interests (Stack v Dowden [2007] 1 FLR 1858). However, given that they have a son, Derek can ask the court based on s.30 of Family Law Act 1996, to transfer the property into his name under occupancy rights. But, the court will allow this only when it observes that, it will be in the best inter ests of Kane. Anything else registered under Sadya sole name, implies that Derek will not claim any beneficial interest in that property. The law is clear that when an unmarried cohabiting partner dies, the other partner will not just simply inherit their partner assets, acquire a portion of their partner finances, or even pension automatically without a will. Therefore, even though Derek has an unlimited access to money in their joint savings accounts, in which both of them contributed money under their joint names, he has no right to access money in Sadya separate bank accounts. Furthermore, the balance in such accounts will be the property of Sadya estate, and which cannot be accessed until the estate is fully settled. Nevertheless, a percentage of the savings will be considered when calculating the value of the estate. Any savings from housekeeping money will belong to the person who provided the money (Burton, 2012, p. 200). When it comes to provisions of occupational plus pers onal pensions for Derek and his son, this will depend on the regulations of Sadya scheme. This is because a cohabitant partner cannot depend upon his or her deceased partner contributions, for the intentions of

Give comments to personal statements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Give comments to personal statements - Essay Example The fascination is the basis of his personal and career goals to major in Software Engineering. He envisions building his game development company. Collins believes his determination will be crucial in pursuing Ph.D. in either Robotics, Intelligence or Theoretical Physics (Lam, 2015). Collin’s good background education on computers will see him through his computer career. In fact, he has already been successful in developing games in high school and the recent Edrenium with positive feedbacks. Willis Hougland’s love for Lego toys is the basis of his career given the mental development and dexterity of hands that comes with the childhood toys as evident with development of remote cars and full size cars in high school. At the University of Colorado, he majors in component design develops, and a drill powered vehicle and knowledge in software design, as well as skills on metalworking and welding, helps him in developing a contestable bike. His leadership skills are put to test when acting as Head of Manufacturing Engineering where he diagnoses problems especially poor designs (Johansen, & Johansen, 2011). Education and personal skills will undoubtedly make his goals achievable. Kirsten Chun’s love for medicine as a career begins with early childhood experience as she watches successful x-rays by the father. Cancer experience with her mother and at the women healthcare center is also the reasons for her fascination with physiology and medicine. Therefore, she would like to contribute to the expansion of medicine knowledge. Working with women helped her develop excellent patient care skills and stresses the need for compassion (Cipolle, Strand, & Morley, 2012). She plans to get back to Hawaii and attend A. Burns Medical School and believes her diligence and affectionate personality will add to the diversity of the university

Case Study Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Case Study - Research Paper Example Much of the revenues are derived from advertising thus AdSense and AdWords are clearly designed to display advertisements which are relevant to the content included in each web page. Google has utilized an innovative advertising strategy by placing advertisements on the websites which contain the related advertisements. Current strategy of the Google Corporation Introduction The company registered $ 10.6 billion in revenues in the financial year ending 2011 which was a 24 percent increase from the previous year. AdSense sales rose by 20 percent while the number of pay per clicks increased by 39 percent. Google + product registered 130 million users while the earnings before taxes were $ 3. 4 billion. The earnings per share also increased by $ 1.71 to $ 8.75 which was 24 percent growth while the taxation costs reduced by mere 6 percent. The company has high growth potential but needs to diversify revenue streams like the pending acquisition of Motorola at $ 12.5 billion (Hill & Jones, 2012). Current Google business strategy Google success can also be attributed to its superior search technology and e-mail service which contains massive storage space that has attracted many customers from Yahoo and Hotmail. The company which started as just a smart algorithm has developed an unique business model with winning applications such as Google video, Google maps, Gmail, and Google Earth which have challenged previous market leaders such as Yahoo, Excite, and Microsoft. At inception, the mission of Google was to organize the world’s information and make it universally acceptable and useful. The company is no doubt one of the fastest growing technology companies in the world. The company has gained success by providing relevant search results and also related advertisements on each webpage (Hill & Jones, 2012). Google IS supports the business strategic activities through innovations and allowing the customers to download and edit their software. Google has differen tiated its search engine by utilizing a patented PageRank system. The company consistently restructures its PageRank algorithm in order to meet the changing customer needs. Google AdWords product is specialized for the advertisers who want to reach out to a certain market segment in an efficient manner. The advertisers have the opportunity of managing volumes of online advertising accounts which an upfront payment. Google emphasizes on creativity of employees whereby employees devote a certain percentage of their time in new and innovative projects. The company has partnered with Open Handset Alliance in the development of Android mobile software which many mobile device firms use to create applications. Google Chrome OS is also another open source software and Web browser which runs in several platforms like Windows, Linux and Mac (Hill & Jones, 2012). Google has also pursued a market niche targeting strategy. The company has segmented its market in to either middle sized businesse s and large corporations. The company has diversified in to the mobile device industry by establishing alliances and partnerships with other companies to develop mobile device applications that increase customer traffic to its web pages (Hill & Jones, 2012). Another current generic strategy which Google is currently utilizing is

U.S. HISTORY (What did the Gilded-Age city offer to newcomers) Essay

U.S. HISTORY (What did the Gilded-Age city offer to newcomers) - Essay Example Specifically, in the realm of industry, people who were moving to the cities in search for employment were able to see the greatest growth in technology, development of politics and economic systems. One of the greatest strengths of America, even to modern day, has been in American ingenuity in the research and development of technology. Especially after the Civil War and after reconstruction, many new technologies and ways of creating goods were revolutionizing the American way of life as well as the goods and services that were being provided. Industrialization was especially important as the second industrial revolution took place. During this time, the greatest growth was seen in the steel and coal industries. This allowed the creation of new jobs, although this did not always mean that the pay and safety concerns were adequately met. In addition, electrical production was becoming more of a common day occurrence. There was also experimentation in chemical refining such as the production of newer and better metallic alloys which were being used in the construction of buildings and in other applications. Not only was the second industrial revolution an impact on the United St ates, but it was also having a major impact in other parts of the world such as in Europe. It can be extrapolated that without the increased industrial and technological growth that occurred in the Gilded Age that the United States and the other Allies would not have been able to fight as efficiently during World War I. Especially after the Civil War and Reconstruction, the face and development of politics had radically changed. Corruption was growing as quickly as the monopolies of the steel and railroad tycoons. These larger cities were dominated by political machines in which politicians would be backed by special interest groups who were funding their campaign and office. This was also

Purchasing Power Parity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Purchasing Power Parity - Essay Example It states that the country which is having high inflation rate is weak in terms of currency because inflation reduces the real purchasing power of a nation’s currency. It predicts a relationship between the inflation rates of two countries over a specified period and the movement in the exchange rate between their two currencies over the same period which means that the exchange rate of two currencies reflects the effect of inflation rate (Murphy, p.1). Absolute PPP states that the value of 2 currencies changes in contrary proportion to the changes in the ratio of price levels. On the other hand relative, PPP predicts a relationship between the inflation rates of two countries over a specified period and the movement in the exchange rate between their two currencies over the same period. Absolute PPP is based on the law of one price that is tested for a basket of commodities or individual commodities. The relative PPP approximates the change in individual price by change in pr ice indices. Empirical evidence of absolute PPP: An orange costs 3 dollars in country A and the same orange costs 6 dollars in country B. This means 3 dollars in country A equals to 6 dollars in country B. This exchange rate is based on the cost of orange and it is assumed that the cost of orange is same worldwide. Empirical evidence of relative PPP: Japan’s anticipated annual rate of inflation is equal to 6% per year, while the anticipated annual inflation rate for the U.S. is 3%. As an approximation, it is expected that the Japanese yen would devalue at the rate of 4% a year. The whole concept is based on unrealistic assumptions. That’s why forex market does not take into consideration the purchasing power parity. Those assumptions were a basket of goods and services in the CPI is the same in all countries, no transportation cost, and consumptions patterns are the same all over the world.

Sufism & Its Effects On Islamic Culture Essay Example for Free

Sufism Its Effects On Islamic Culture Essay â€Å"Sufism is the journey and the realization of truth, and a Sufi, is the seeker of truthâ€Å" (Janghda, 144). Therefore, in order to understand the lives of Sufis and their contribution to Islam, one must first comprehend the meaning of Sufism. â€Å"Sufism is the spiritual practice by which one can achieve ultimate spiritual gratification. The term ‘Sufism’ has been derived from various words, such as ‘Safa’ which means ‘pure’ and ‘Saff’ which means high in rank† (All About Religion). All these meanings have one thing in common which is also apparent by the looks of a Sufi, uniqueness. That Sufis do not fit the general perception of a man or woman, they were people who gave up the world’s material belongings and it’s luxuries to explore the inner self. â€Å"One must live in the world, not be of the world†, Jamal ad-Din al-Rumi. Love is the basis of Sufism, like most of the religions of this world and the core objective of Sufism is to find the oneness. A Sufi must realize that God exists everywhere, as the creator and the creation. Tasawwuf is a practice in Sufism in which one purifies oneself by the remembrance and obedience of God. It is the complete detachment from the worldly issues and devoting your mind, body and soul to God. This practice is similar to conventional Islamic practices such as zikr and prayer. Thus to achieve a status of a Sufi, one must go through many levels, such as killing your ego, breaking away from the material wants and loving everything, as all is created by God. Sufism has no boundaries as it a spiritual religion; it seeks truth through divinity and not sections. Instead of mentors or preachers who have learned about religion through people, a Sufi seeks his own answers. There are no value of favoritism and preference, all creations are equal. Sufism is not just a religion, it is a way of thinking and a lifestyle, and thus one must be open-minded, tolerant and humble to start the journey. Without these traits one cannot achieve spiritual enlightenment. â€Å"Therefore, most of the well known Sufis that have passed have known to not conform to the society they reside in, providing knowledge about Islamic mysticism to their people through poems, stories and various texts which are still enchanting and informing people till this day† (Arbery, 15). Farid ud-Din Attar was a similar mystic, born in the city of Nishapur in Iran and also buried in a tomb in Nishapur (The Free Dictionary). Although he lived over centuries ago but some of Attar’s works are still read and appreciated even now. His name Attar, meant herbalist who was also his profession, as he was a well-known medic. He would see hundreds of patients daily, prescribing herbal medicines that he himself prepared to his patients. In his days of youth, he travelled comprehensively through Egypt, Damascus and even performed pilgrimage at Mecca in search for wisdom. After a long journey, Attar came back to his hometown and embarked on his Sufi journey. During this time, Attar wrote tremendous texts but his most well known is Maqamat-e Toyur (The Conference of the Birds). Attar’s ability to look beyond the texts and find a deeper meaning in not just readings but in every daily doings made him a better author and poet, his teachings and poems still are relevant for that alone reason. Attar passed away in old age, even though the details of his death are weary but a traditional tale does narrate the demise of Attar. In this folk tale, Attar had been made a prisoner by the Mongol when they invaded Nishapur. During that time, an unknown person came to the Mongol king and offered a thousand pieces of silver in turn of Attar’s freedom. When Attar heard this, he recommended the king to not take such a ransom, and the king did just that in greed. Later, another man came to the emperor and offered him a bundle of straws in exchange of Attar’s freedom, to which Attar advised the king to take the offer, as that is what he was worth. When the Mongol king heard this, he decapitated Attar in anger (Arbery, 74). The authenticity of this tale is not important but the message it has is very valuable. It shows that a man of such knowledge of religion, mysticism and medicine, thought of himself as only worthy of a bundle of straws rather than thousand pieces of silver. Therefore, a Sufi must be self-less to attain the truth. The truth is that the body of a person is just a shell, in which the soul resides, a soul that mirrors God. Even if you kill the body, which is of no value, the soul will live on forever.

Conveyor Bases Sorting System Colour Sensor Signal

Conveyor Bases Sorting System Colour Sensor Signal CONVEYOR BASED SORTING SYSTEMÂ  COLOUR SENSOR SIGNAL CONDITIONING Abstract: This report analyses the best strategy for interfacing the colour sensor with the microprocessor by using either Comparators or Analogue to Digital Convertors (ADC) in the process. Focusing mainly on the advantages and disadvantages of these two components, we can conclude which one is more effective and responsive with cost, time taken to process the programme and reliability. Using C programming a microprocessor is programmed in order to detect the colour of the objects passed on the conveyor belt using LDR. Analogue to Digital Convertor (ADC): It is a system that converts the input analogue signals (from a light source or sound signal) to digital output signal by a process called quantization, which is also called as digital signal processing that is the process of mapping a large set of input values to a countable smaller set. Generally, the digital output signal is in binary number that is proportional to the input values. Component parts of ADC: There are seven different components within the ADC that make up the whole processing circuit which includes, Set-Reset latch has 2 inputs and outputs which used as storage element in ADC Clock a constant input signal that fluctuates between high and low and is used coordinate the actions of the circuit. AND gate a basic logic gate which has only high inputs (1) to start the conversion when prompted. Counter an electronic device which stores the number of times something occurred and used directly with the clock signal. DAC to convert the digital signals to analogue output signals when commanded (reverse function of an ADC) DATA latch takes the output of counter as its input and convert the analogue signals into digital outputs. Comparator that compares two voltages or currents and changes its output depending on which is larger. Advantages of ADC: Some benefits of using the ADC in this colour sensor interfacing system with the microprocessor are listed below, Cheap in cost and speed varies to different ADC for example flash ADC is the fastest of all its kind. ADC has higher resolution than using a comparator. Less steps and components when it comes to programming in a microprocessor Clock in ADC keeps the circuit in time and provides a square wave input. Set-reset function allows the circuit to be functioned and keeps it in control. It converts any input voltages, even from 1V to 5V into a digital output (flashing LED from less bright to very bright display) through its built in components whereas in a comparator it is either 0 from 0V to 2V and 1 from 2.5V to 5V. Disadvantages of ADC: Also the drawbacks of using the ADC are, Slow in speed compared to a comparator device as ADC has more component parts than comparator. Each and every parts have to be earthed appropriately. Have to have many inputs into the encoder (for 4 bit outputs 16 input signals and for 5 bit its double the inputs). ADC has several sources of errors like quantization error. These are measured in least significant bit (LSB) Comparator: Comparator is an electronic device that compares the input two voltages or currents and outputs the higher or larger (1) digital signal. It consists of a specialized high -gain differential amplifier which are commonly used in devices that measure and digitize analogue signals, such as Analogue to Digital Convertors (ADC). Comparators are also being installed within analogue to digital convertors (ADC). Advantages of comparator: Using the comparators in the microprocessors in the circuit can have some positive impact on the project. Some of them are, Cheaper in cost when comparing to other devices of amplifying. Comparators does not require an external power source such as additional current or voltage supply since the power comes from the processor. These are in ordinary working condition and very compact and robust model and are very easy to handle. Can be portable as well. Electrical comparators have very less moving parts and the pointer is very light and not sensitive to the vibrations. Disadvantages of comparator: Some of the disadvantages of using the comparators are, Heating of coils in the measuring unit may cause zero drift and can alter the calibration. If only a fixed scale is used with a moving pointer then with high magnifications a very small range is obtained, in this case itll be from 0V to 2V its low (0) and from 2V to 5V its high (1). Conclusion: Using an Analogue to Digital Convertor would be the possible solution in this colour sensor operating system as there are more benefits from ADC than Comparator. Since ADC has higher resolution and uses two registers to record the values from their 10 bits of inputs, it is more reliable and accurate with a few quantization and bubble errors. Comparator is one of the parts in ADC and it can only be used to differentiate two or less objects as it has a maximum of two outputs but ADC has plenty. Therefore, with ADC we can identify the three different coloured objects through this colour sensor.

The Factors That Influence Taste Cultural Studies Essay

The Factors That Influence Taste Cultural Studies Essay What is taste. Taste is cultural phenomenon that is based on the choice in cultural method and reference. It is an ideology and not just purely aesthetic, even cultural social and political processes can create it. Taste and  consumption can be connected  together because the choices of consumers in the market are directly affected by the taste for certain types of products or clothing. The relationship between taste and consumption is however more complicated than a direct chain of events in which taste creates demand that, thus creates supply. Taste has been studied in many scientific fields, especially within the fields of psychology, economics and sociology. Gijs Bakker said that taste is an individual choice, which has nothing to do with good or bad taste. So what are the influences of taste? To explain such influences, I shall use high fashion as the backbone for discussion. What is haute couture? In French, Haute couture means High fashion. Haute means High or elegant and couture means dressmaking. But the term haute couture not only means high dressmaking or elegant dressmaking, the term Haute Couture represents and consists of exclusive business of designing, making, and selling custom handmade womens clothing (David Johnson, infoplease.com). Haute Couture is the top of the fashion market because the prestige commands the highest prices. Designers will use the expensive materials like Toile and definitely pay attention to the details to make high-quality dresses for their consumers. It is a time-consuming work because the dresses are usually hand-stitched. High fashion is always a pioneer on their design process and idea in the fashion industry. Nowadays, the examples of famous couture houses that are considered as high fashion are Valentino, Lacroix, Chanel, Balmain, Dior, Givenchy, Balenciaga, Lanvin and Yves Saint Laurent. The price of a simple blouse could cost from about  £10,000 to  £40,000. Sometimes the price would even get higher! For example, a Chanel suit that was sold in the year 2002 had cost  £20,000; also an evening frock cost  £50,000 in the mid 2004. Due to the craftsmanship, services, originality of the design and the finest quality of superb materials, it is very hard to accept the price by those people who cant afford it  (Pauline Weston Thomas, fashion-era.com). Nowadays there are only around 2,000 women are buys couture clothing in the world, 60 percent of them are Americans, and only 200 of them are regular customers. Designers will always loan clothes to celebrities or well known people for publicity. After World War II, it was the golden age of high fashion, there were around 15,000 women wearing couture. (David Johnson, infoplease.com). Although it was the golden age of high fashion, but yet the market was very small so that the designers had to be forced to use their p restige to help sell other products, such as cosmetics, perfume, and their ready-to-wear lines (David Johnson, infoplease.com). In this essay, I will argue that major economic and social changes have been important factors that influenced the taste in high fashion. World War II was one of the factors that had the greatest influence on haute couture in the 1940s. The war had brought many restrictions on it. During the war, the need for parachutes and other materials had caused the low supply in nylon fabric. Not only that, the Nazi forces also occupied the primary couture design center that is Paris during that time. This occupation had caused the couture houses to be unable to do business therefore many people were looking for new designers at other places instead of Paris. By 1947, the couture houses in Paris were still continuously dominating the high fashion industry after it had reopened. After the war, designers started using new fabrics. Women were encouraged to become homemakers after the war. They were moving out of the workplace, and the Western countries were also encouraged the feminine and ornate fashion. (www.ladyjojosboutique.wordpress.com) Dior stated that: War had passed out of sight, and there were no other wars on the horizon. What did the weight of my sumptuous materials, my heavy velvets and brocades matter? When hearts were light, mere fabrics could not weigh the body down. (Christian Dior, 1947) The short skirts and square shoulders (Fig. 1) were replaced by the Christian Diors New Look (Fig. 2). It included sweeping longer skirts, fitter waist and rounded shoulders. I wanted my dresses to be constructed, melded upon the curves of the feminine body, whose sweep they would stylize, stated by Christian Dior in his autobiography. Utility suithttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9wJI9K6Wjs3w-0CAjdpBYKL0FYWDoWDyNiNpmcwOs8nMwU7Zt2A8ohXzYVZG3xahaAXtukuMeo6uBSYKv_ThtyTNZN1xgs0ZOGxPgEkk7vMWzu-4XYf0YxbWVRIi1VA0zGfBkZx4_36c/s320/fashion_1940s.jpg Fig. 1 The fashion during World War II http://trixiefantastic.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/theoldnewlook.jpg?w=600h=249 Fig. 2 The New Look Once the New Look had appeared, the designs of Dior were very  influential in the decade which refers to the silhouette of broad hips, small waists, and breasts pushed up and out rounded shoulders (Fig. 3) of the 50s style. Big day for fashion designers: Christian Dior (Jan. 21,  1905 1957), was an influential French fashion designer, who despite his short life did more than anyone to revive fashion after WW II with his modern New Lookà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Photo: Suzy Parker in Christian Dior, 1952 http://adrianasassoon.files.wordpress.com/2010/06/christian-dior1.jpg?w=720 Fig. 3 The style of Dior of the 50s The emergence of Hippies culture in 1960s also influenced the design of high fashion. The Hippies rebelled against the established institutions and also criticized middle class values. The trend of Hippies look (Fig. 4) was popularized by mainly musicians, such as; Bob Dylan, Mick Jagger and the Beatles. http://www.asjcollection.com/current/graphics/pd361.jpgtalitha getty Fig. 4 Hippie looks As a youth movement, the ideology of Hippie started in the United States; it was a protest against a society that was increasingly becoming conformist and restrictive. Finding their own ways and their own meanings to life were the aims of the Hippies, which were focused on going back to nature and freedom. As cultural anthropologist and writer Margaret Mead said, Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed individuals can change the world, indeed its the only thing that ever has. (Margaret Mead, 1964) The styles and cuts of the fabric of their clothing reflected their thoughts; even the fabrics were natural fibres like hemp and cotton. The Hippies used their clothes to express their individualism. The spirit of youthful exuberance inspired forward-thinking high fashion designer. They began designing mini-skirts and pantsuits because they saw the creative and financial potentials in the youth market. For example, the Safari jacket of Yves Saint Laurent (Fig. 5) from his Ri ve Gauche boutique. http://www.stylebizportal.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/ysl-1.jpg Fig. 5 Yves Saint Laurent The Safari jacket 1967 During the 1980s there were great economic growth and prosperity. It was a period of wealth, excess and desire. Many women had entered the workforce and some have been moved to higher positions. The office clothings that women usually wore had made them feel uncomfortable, impractical and insufficient due to being in the business industry. This causes mens styles of clothing to become very popular among women. Women value unique products and brands that they can use to define their individuality. Females actively seek new styles and fashion trends to a larger extent than men. Women are more sensitive to clothing needs and possess a greater clothing awareness than men. (Adjei, Griffith Noble, 2006, p.177) The large shoulder pads and tailored suit pants were created stronger silhouette of women in their new success. One of the examples is Giorgio Armanis Power Suit (Fig. 6). As fashion editor for  Vogue,  Harpers Bazaar  and  The New York Times Magazine Carrie Donovan said that, Giorgio Armani was the first to float the idea. When the Milanese maestro of the tailored suit decided to soften his precise shapes a few seasons ago, he also began paying special attention to the blouses that accompanied them. Adding details like delicate collars or a bit of draping, and making the blouses from semi sheer silky fabrics, he started a trend that has bloomed into an American fashion statement. (http://garmentozine.com/tag/giorgio-armani/) Armanis suits were applauded by executive women in the 1980s as a method of casually asserting their status and talent, because of their high quality materials, beautiful tailoring, and comfortableness. Shoulder pads increased the sizes of shoulders. Bes ides that, they also wore the extend pants and tight skirts that waist and hips were trimmed in. These can help them to conceal their femininity and thus having the ability to defeat men in the business world. The term gender can be further developed with the terms gender identity and gender role attitudes. However, to simply measure sex cannot be a guarantee of capturing gender identity or gender role attitudes. Gender identity can be explained as to which degree a man or a woman identifies with masculine and feminine personality traits. Gender role attitudes refer to differences regarding the responsibilities, roles, and rights of men and women. (Fischer Arnold, 1994, p.163) http://garmentozine.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/armani1988.jpg?w=500 C:UsersUserDesktopVisual CultureDetail of collections 1980s KCI Digital Archives_files207_l_AC10191.jpg Fig. 6 Giorgio Armanis power suit In 2000s, natural disasters prompted human to accept that the earth was sick. So, the eco-friendly concept has been used in high fashion to improve the health of the environment. In the mid-late 2000s, recycled vintage clothing styles from 1940s to 1980s and also ethnical clothing such as fake furs were predominant in this decade. The fashion industry has the biggest support on the eco-friendly fashions. Designers started using the organic fabrics such as wool, organic cotton, soy silk and bamboo. (http://stylechicago.com) Linda Loudermilk was the pioneer of the green fashion movement. She merges the skills of high fashion and environment awareness with the materials made from sasawashi, bamboo, sea cell and soybeans. Linda Loudermilk urged that: Look for three-dimensional designs and fabric embellishments, unusual insets fashioned from vintage laces and trims transform frocks from classic to collectable. Venture beyond the plain and simple to luxury-eco artistic designs that usher i n a new era of environmentalism fresh from an artists palette of sophisticated styles. (Michael Lackman, 2005) Her fall 2007 collection Too Hot to Handle (Fig. 7) was a corn fibre volume coat with wood pulp leggings on the left and Japanese rice paper ice blue-falling floor length train coat on the right. It was inspired by icebergs, the rock stars of nature. Nature is the inspiration for Loudermilk. Her adroit design turns the funk into stylish punk and it all goes back to the nature. Her official websites claimed that: We aim to give eco glamour legs, a fabulous look and a slammings attitude that stops traffic and shouts the message: eco can be edgy, loud, fun, playful, feminine (or not) and hyper-cool. (http://www.lindaloudermilk.com) http://www.lasplash.com/uploads/1/linda_loudermilk-fall_2007-collection-4.jpg Fig. 7 Linda Loudermilk Fall 2007 Collection   In conclusion, high fashion is the sign of wealth and elegance. Major social and economic changes are important factors that influenced the design concepts and taste in high fashion. One of the best ways for designers to predict trends of high fashion is perhaps to understand the key events of a decade. Fashion reflects society. Fashion is always of the time in which you live. quoted by Coco Chanel. Some events will change the style of high fashion, but some will impact on the usage of materials in design. Similar to a piece of artwork, the designs of high fashion are the artistic expressions of designers. It represents the social symbol through its cultural connotations. I believe that high fashion will always be the pioneer in the fashion industry. (2115 words)

price of greed :: essays research papers

The Price of Greed   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Argh matey! Welcome aboard the ship that will lead to a world of pirates. Lets be cautious now the sight of gold can make any man lust with greed and in a blink of an eye they are lost in a world of gluttony. Now will enter a place where the desire for more has taken control over many men that are now doomed. Pirates of the Caribbean: The curse of the Black Pearl is a tale of betrayal and greed; where the greed of man leads to a path of many riches but a life cursed without enrichment. The curse that will leave man always wanting more as well as the lost of their senses of life and feelings of emotions. The code of the pirates like many other codes establishes the rules pirates abide by. One of the rules the pirates go by is if a fellow shipmate gets left behind they stay behind. This gives significance to the word betrayal. In a pirate’s ship everyone is looking out for himself. This is similar to the real world where everyone is trying to get ahead and think of no one but himself or herself. Many choose the path of cheating and betrayals to climb the rope of success leaving behind no regrets and seeing ahead a future of fortune. The thinking of a pirate: fortune.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Captain Jack Sparrow is the captain of the Black Pearl until his crew plots against him to take over the ship. Empowered by greed they were led by a new voice, Barbosa, and left Jack Sparrow in an abandon island. The treasure they seek was Cortez’s gold coins. Even though stories told of a curse the pirates’ greed and need for treasure overtook their rationality. Cortez’s curse did not stop them from stealing and this just demonstrates how greed has the power to destroy the inner morals of any human being. The greed of many is like a craving that hits every second and it cannot be contained; it has to be satisfied. Captain Barbosa tells the story of Cortez’s cursed gold coins and what the curse has done to him and his crew. The curse has made them live forever without senses to taste or feel. They roam the sea looking for the day they could finally break the curse. Captain Barbosa now understood that his greed had taken away from him things he found no value to but now craves for it the most.

Researching the World of Plastic Surgery Essay -- Beauty Plastic Surge

Researching the World of Plastic Surgery In the creation of our beings, we are blessed, and sometimes cursed with features we, as freethinkers, might not otherwise have chosen for ourselves. Certain circumstances however, may arise on the journey known as life, forcing us to reconstruct these features in an effort to construct normal, healthy, lives. Often, we are compelled to reconstruct these features in an effort to enhance an otherwise normal, healthy life. For the individual unaware of the pros and cons, in regards to the acquisition of cosmetic surgery and reconstructive surgery; I produce this composition in an attempt to inform you, the reader; as well as to expand upon my limited knowledge of this field. In researching the world of â€Å"Plastic Surgery†, we approach a dividing factor. There are two categories into which most operations are labeled. Cosmetic surgeries occur when an individual takes notice of a particular feature on his/her body and makes the decision to alter the imperfection. In humans, it is impossible to find a â€Å"flawless† being. Our bodies, in their own right, are not created equal. A certain degree of asymmetry exists within each of us. Symmetry is not a dominant trait in the human race. Take a picture of your face, photographing each side individually. Place each photo side by side. Notice the difference? Each feature, your eyes, your nose, and even your lips take on their own sense of symmetry, or asymmetry if you will. Reconstructive surgery takes place when an individual is blessed with features that hinder his/her ability to lead a normal, healthy, life. Breast augmentation is one of the most frequently requested cosmetic surgeries. Implants are inserted behind the breast tissue of each breast or behind the â€Å"pectoralis† a major muscle, helping to increase the size of the breast. Silicone implants are made of thick material and filled with either saline or an antibiotic solution during the operation. Women are classically partial to this type of operation. However, in recent years, males have exhibited an interest in cosmetic operations pertaining to the enhancement of the male physique, thus leading to the procurement of â€Å"pectoral implants†. Each sex concludes this course of action for similar reasons. Increased sex appeal, heightened sexual pleasure, as well as a new found sense of confidence, infl... ... some of us are pleased with the features we are blessed with, upon entrance into the world. I am not content with the results, time, and gravity, will eventually afford me. Natural occurrences are, at times, the fault of our deformities; proving detrimental to ones emotional, and physical, well being. In those moments, I approve the operations in search of self-preservation, along with the desire and/or immediate need to correct the aesthetic defaults nature has blessed us with. Bibliography http://www.plasticsurgery.org/ http://www.plasticsurgery.org/public_education/Breast-Reconstruction-Resources-Home.cfm http://www.knowledgestation.com/ov/plastic-surgery.htm http://www.1800beyourbest.com/sub_procedures_lipo.html http://www.1800beyourbest.com/sub_procedures_tummy.html http://www.1800beyourbest.com/sub_procedures_nose.html http://www.1800beyourbest.com/sub_procedures_face.html http://www.yourmakeovers.com/breast_lift.htm http://www.yourmakeovers.com/breast_reduction.htm http://www.yourmakeovers.com/laserskin_resurfacing.htm http://www.yourmakeovers.com/liposuction.htm

Telephone and Fax Machines

Critically evaluate the tools (letters, e-mail, video conference, memo, phone) of business communication in a commercial organization. To visit any commercial organization, to understand the working and importance of each of these tools. Memo A memorandum or memo is a document or other communication that helps the memory by recording events or observations on a topic, such as may be used in a business office. Letters A commercial business letter is a letter written in formal language, usually used when writing from one business organization to another, or for correspondence between such organizations and their customers, clients and other external parties. E-mail An email message consists of three components, the messageenvelope, the message header, and the message body. The message header contains control information, including, minimally, an originator's email address and one or more recipient addresses. Usually descriptive information is also added, such as a subject header field and a message submission date/time stamp. Video Conference A videoconference or video conference (also known as a videoteleconference) is a set of interactivetelecommunication technologies which allow two or more locations to interact via two-way video and audio transmissions simultaneously. Fax A fax (short for facsimile) is a document sent over a telephone line. Fax machines have existed, in various forms, since the 19th century, though modern fax machines became feasible only in the mid-1970s as the sophistication of technology increased and cost of the three underlying technologies dropped. Businesses usually maintain some kind of fax capability, the technology has faced increasing competition from Internet-based alternatives. However, fax machines still retain some advantages, particularly in the transmission of sensitive material which, if sent over the Internet unencrypted, may be vulnerable to interception, without the need for telephone tapping. In some countries, because electronic signatures on contracts are not recognized by law while faxed contracts with copies of signatures are, fax machines enjoy continuing support in business. Telephone The telephone often colloquially referred to as a phone, is atelecommunications device that transmits and receives sound, most commonly the human voice. Telephones are a point-to-pointcommunication system whose most basic function is to allow two people separated by large distances to talk to each other. It is one of the most common appliances in thedeveloped world, and has long been considered indispensable to businesses, households and governments. Circulars Flyers are typically used by individuals or businesses to promote their products or services. They are a form of mass marketing or small scale, communitycommunication. Office circulars are used in the company to convey the same information to all the employees. Make a report based on the accounting books maintained by a manufacturing concern. To study the way they are maintained. JOURNAL Journal is the book in which the transactions are entered the first time they are processed . PETTY CASH BOOK A petty cash book is a record of small value purchases usually controlled by imprest system. Items such as coffee, tea, birthday cards for employees, a few dollars if you're short on postage, are listed down in the petty cash book.

What Is Criminal Justice

A offense is committed when a person has violated the legality by the state, federal governance and local jurisdiction clay and cannot be justified. Crime can be reason in several types of ways felonies, misdemeanors, offenses, perfidiousness and espionage and inchoate offenses. Felonies be considered to be major crimes which could cost an offender jail time, probation and confiscated property. The two most common models of how society determines whether a crime has been committed are turn right and wicked rightness. shepherds crook law relates to crime and punishment.In contrast, criminal justice counselling is geared towards the right and wrong doing in situations. There is no separation betwixt social and criminal justice beca use up justice is portrayed by our nations criminal court. The law is a solidification of guidelines that has been applied through public mental home to regulate behavior wherever possible. Criminal law has two essential part which are su bstantive criminal law that identifies crimes and punishment the offender may take care and procedural law is a regularity use to enforce substantive law.The presidency structure that applies to the criminal justice system is connected by the federal, state and local level. The government has three branches to help bar and manage crime the legislature, terrace and the executive. The legislature division determines what is right and wrong and how copulation passes laws. The executive branch enforces the law and judiciary system interprets the law. Criminological surmisal is an history of the causes of crime and how it is connected within the criminal justice system.Understanding the criminal is significant to world-class understand how civilization thinks and determine what acts are considering a crime. A thought found on classical and neoclassical of criminology is a natural selection theory. Conscious prizes created by choice theory are a raw material belief of crimin ality. To understand choice theory, it is big to first address the basic assumptions use by classical theorist.Schmalleger (2009) stated, Crime is caused by the individual exercise of free lead. benevolent beings are fundamentally rational, and most humanitykind behavior is the result of free will coupled with rational choice (pp. 83-84). earliest theorist of the classical school believed that pain sensation and pleasure were the dominate traits that governed human behavior. These primaeval rational were replaced with a more forward-looking rational choice theory. Scott (2000) stated, What distinguishes ational choice theory form other forms of theory is that it denies the cosmos of any kinds of activeness other than stringently rational and calculative. All social action can be seen as rationally motivated, as instrumental actions, however practically it may appear to be reasonless or non-rational (p. 2). The concept of personal choice is rooted in the analysis of huma n behavior developed by Ceasar Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham. Bentham essentially said that an individual would commit a crime as long as the reward outweighed the consequences.

Detrimental Effects of Social Networking

affable networking is exclusively the rage with order of magnitude. It is a main passing for both per male childal and professional networking. Whether its subscriber line related and unrivaledrous to put the sourulate step forward for prospective employers or average combineing with a long distance colleague via instant message, there bent withal many an(prenominal) another(prenominal)(prenominal) people who brace not taken advantage of this resource to connect with others. There are not many ho delectationholds without the technology to take advantage of this option in conversation. It seems to be the main form of contact in spite of appearance golf club today.The occupation with this method of conference is that it does not go out for strong face to face interaction and allows society to in a good sense to hide out themselves. This inherently has led to a society with lower self honour and has put a wall up with its users lowering standards of well-d is idiosyncrasyd interaction. It has had such a invalidating impact and should be utilize with greater caution especially within the teenage and preadolescent adult generation. much(prenominal) sites as Facebook, Myspace and orkut extradite had an extremely negative impact on society and what should be perceived as acceptable.Social Networks and the ideas and activities associated with these networks switch become profoundly detrimental to society today. It has escalated into much more impressive capers such as cyber bullying, intense obsession and change magnitude kindly converse skills. Lets first examine a little extreme, just equally primal problem with social networks. Intersomebodyal communication is domineering for proceeds and self confidence in an individual. Social networking and the sites associated with this practice wealthy person greatly diminished the growth process of interpersonal communication.Nurturing a younger group to be more secure with th emselves and aid in shaping those who are to be the afterlife leaders of our society is harder due to overlook of communication skills. This lack stems from excessive use of these internet sites. Social network sites, prattle rooms, instant messaging allows for the user to hide buns a screen cook or online profile, less(prenominal)ening personal communication, kind of employ the electronic computer as a crutch for relating with peers and new contacts. (Acar, 2008). These networks run through made it reliableistic for people to hide and not have to give 100 percent of themselves.It creates a negative impact when it comes time for important events such as interviewing for a stage business or giving an important address for a class. Young adults are so in tuned with who is doing what and where others are dining out at for that moment versus developing the requirement skills to be a productive appendage of society. A supposition know as the anxiety and incertitude manage ment theory (Gudykunst, 1985) deals with interpersonal communications with different cultures, but it also provides helpful insight into communication with strangers as a whole.According to Gudykunsts (1985) theory face to face communication with strangers or other people not known personally or professionally by the individual lessens anxiety and increases social skills necessary for growth as a human universe thus trying to relate through a computer is proven detrimental to social growth and diminishes interpersonal communication skills. The extreme recurrent use of these networks as a social means is going to lead to a profound number of angst ridden individuals trying to cash in ones chips in society. Social network sites, babble rooms and online communities have created an obsession factor.The online federation is so hyped up and popular, if you dont have an online profile one elbow room of life or another you are not considered as part of that in convocation when it co mes to online communities. Its likened to the new pair of hoops shoes youth must have in order to fit in at school. Some people have become so obsessed with beingness online it has shaped their life and consequences have be to fatal. This leads into the obsession factor of these networks. Short of being a drug, some people are so hooked on online childs play and competing against others or building their farm or getting a high score, the real world takes a back seat. usually play a stake wouldnt be a bad social function however the fixation of beating or one upping your other 65 friends in an online game has had detrimental effects. This was proven when a Jacksonville Florida woman age 22 was playing Farmville on Facebook and was thoroughly engrossed in the game. Her 3 month old son was distracting her and as she stated interfering with her game to a point that she violently move him which resulted in the infants death. (Jamison, 2010). profit addiction is a very real condit ion. Social networking sites contribute o this by adding games and online activities that entrance the user to become a habitual user and assist in the addiction. Its been stated that internet users are becoming addicted the same way an addict becomes addicted to drugs or alcohol. (Renee, 2010) some other facet of social networking that is becoming a trend that most definitely inevitably to be stopped is cyber bullying. Cyber bullying is using digital technology and online forums to harass another individual. (McQuade, Colt, & Meyer, 2009) Networking has opened a new door for teenage criminal activity and given over them the opportunity to harass and hide behind a screen name.Online communities allow users to pose as someone else, becoming shoddy and deceptive to the person being harry or bullied. A strong support case of this was the Megan Meier case, where a young fille was in belief that she was talking to a boy who was provoke in her, wholly to find out it was an ex fri ends obtain was in fact portraying herself as a boy seemingly interested in Megan to gain her trust and indeed began taunting and teasing the 15 year old Megan who then took her life because of such intense harassment.Cyber bullying is such a horrific occurrence and just one more thing that teens are go about with, and social networking is the gateway for the heinous act. some other facet of cyber bullying is occurring with Facebook, where there is bullying or teasing because of lack of friends. Facebook shows users how many friends each other have. If one person has a lower amount, teens are known to harass and chide them for it (Zay, 2011) While there are many users of social networking that have benefitted, the cons of this communication far outweighs the pros.It has produced a less educated more stressed society and this is most prevalent in teens and young adults. To secure a more educated, socially aware and confident society, these networking sites and mediums should be use sparingly and the younger generations should develop relationships more fluidly through face to face communication to enhance self esteem and establish moral skills.ReferencesAcar, A. (2008). Antecedents and Consequences of Online Social Networking Behavior The typesetters case of Facebook. Journal of Website Promotion, 3(1/2), 62. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Gudykunst, William. (1985). A model of uncertainty reduction in intercultural encounters. Journal of run-in and Social Psychology. 4(2), 79-97. Jamison, K. (2010, October 27). Farmville addicted mom shakes baby to death. Retrieved from Games.com http//blog.games.com/2010/10/27/mother-shakes-baby-to-death-for-interrupting-farmville/ McQuade, S., Colt, J. P., & Meyer, N. (2009). Cyber Bullying defend Kids and Adults from Online Bullies. Westport. Renee. (2010, September 5). The Addictive Nature of Social Networking Sites. Retrieved from Online Conference on Networks and Communities Department of lucre Studies, Curtin Unive rsity of Technology http//networkconference.netstudies.org/2010/05/the-addictive-nature-of-social-networking-sites-has-facilitated-the-downward-spiral-of-communication-skills/ ZAY, S. (2011). What Sticks & Stones Cant Do, Facebook Will-and More. USA right away Magazine, 139(2790), 56. Retrieved from EBSCOhost