Monday, January 27, 2020
Interpersonal communication Essay
Interpersonal communication Essay                Interpersonal communication is defined as the interaction between two or more individuals. Where this is the case, the tendency for conflicts to take place is almost inevitable. This is because most people do not have the same opinions, needs and/or mindsets. The effects of conflicts can be disruptive to relationships. However, if handled well, conflicts can contribute positively by improving understanding and tolerance among people, as well as strengthening the bonds between them. Thus, the style that one employs in expressing and managing interpersonal conflicts plays a crucial role in maintaining and improving the quality of communication in his/her relationship.                The movie Parenthood features several conflicts between its characters. The nature of conflicts varies, as well as the style characters adopt in reacting to and resolving conflicts which arise. Gill and Karen, the main characters of the movie, often face disagreements like every married couple does. However, the greatest argument between them arises when Gill comes home angry after quitting his job one day and having Karen inform him that she is pregnant. Being in an easily irritable state at that time, Karens pregnancy did not bring joy to him. Instead, he reacts to her negatively, making her feel as if he did not want the baby. This created a disconfirming communication climate between them. Karen feels that she is underappreciated and the defensive mechanism in her is activated. They begin arguing about the severity of each others lost because of the unexpected baby. They both react to the situation with direct aggressio n; verbally attacking and insulting the other partys position. As a result, the issue was not resolved but amplified.                In actual fact, the impact of the conflict could have been reduced if a different style of expression was used. For example, having known that Gill had just lost his job and was in a foul mood, Karen could choose to withhold the news of her pregnancy until later when Gills emotional turbulence has settled. This non-assertive style may be more appropriate in view of the situation at hand. Also, she could be more supportive and understanding towards his decision. According to Jack Gibb, empathy contributes greatly to a positive relational climate. Being able to accept anothers feelings and putting oneself in their place would make them feel valued and cared about. This encourages them to open up to the other party, making communication much more effective.                However, non-assertion should only be used sparingly because it does not go to the root of the problem. In order to achieve a satisfying resolution, Gill and Karen should discuss the issue later in a calm and peaceful manner, adopting the assertive style of communication. They should allow each other to express their thoughts and feelings directly about the issue and then coming up with a win-win solution. Both parties should respect each other and their discussion should be problem oriented- finding a way in which both parties needs are satisfied and working out some arrangement which makes everyone feel like a winner (Adler, 2003, p.229).                Another instance of conflict also occurs between Suzan, Gills sister, and her husband, Nathan. Their problem revolves around the upbringing style of their daughter, Patty. Nathan insists that Patty should be given strict education in all aspects, despite her young age, in order for her full potential to be utilised. Suzan, on the other hand, feels that her daughter should be given a normal childhood. Besides that, she also feels that her husband is being too uptight and controlling, always behaving as if he knows best. This is seen when Nathan insists that they should only have one child despite Suzans attempt to re-discuss the issue with him. However, instead of confronting the problem, Suzan chooses to be passive aggressive. She pretends to put up with his practices such as power-eating but secretly chows down sweets and chocolates as a symbol of anger and discontent. Eventually, her approach no longer calms her anger and she finally tells Nathan that she is leaving him.                There are several factors which contribute to the aggravation of their conflict. Primarily, Nathans controlling and always certain behavior often causes Suzan to feel that her opinions and feelings are unimportant. He often imposes his way of life on her with little regard to her needs. In addition to that, he also rarely accepts and acknowledges her suggestions and ideas. For instance, when Suzan tells him that Patty should be allowed to behave more like a normal child instead of constantly being strictly guided, he ridicules her frustration and rejects her concern. In another context, Suzans method of handling her unhappiness- passive aggression- is also not an effective manner. It not only does not allow Nathan to know his mistakes, it creates an illusion which shows as if she is happy with her situation.                The resolution of the conflict, as seen in the ending of the movie, was when Nathan finally realises his fault after having Suzan leave him. This indirect communication used by Suzan is nonetheless effective, even though there could be a possibility of Nathan misinterpreting her intentions. Her extreme measures lead Nathan to re-evaluate his behavior and discover that his methods in handling their relationship are inappropriate. Finally, he apologises to her sincerely and receives her forgiveness. Since then, his behavior changes for the better and their relationship becomes stronger.                Aside from marital conflicts, there are also conflicts between parent and child in the movie. For example, the relationship between Gill and his son, Kevin. Kevin is a very sensitive and emotional child. As a result, Gill has to be extra careful in handling him. Conflicts often arise when Kevin becomes upset by something trivial. For example, when Kevin thinks of himself as being abnormal because he was seeing a psychiatrist, Gill has to comfort and ensure him that things were alright. In this situation, Gill adopts an indirect communication approach. He tells Kevin that he was seeing a psychiatrist not because he was sick or abnormal, only more prone to worry than others and that the doctor was there to help him conquer this anxiety. He then shifts Kevins focus from the topic to his upcoming birthday celebration. This lights up Kevins mood and resolves the tension between them. Gills method, in this case, is effective beca use any other method may have irritated Kevin further. Also, as a loving and supportive father, Gill often tries to maintain a confirming communication climate between them. He displays great levels of empathy and equality when interacting with Kevin. He tries to understand his sons needs and emotions instead of dictating them based on his personal experiences. Thus, because of his efforts, the conflicts that arise between them each time is resolved appropriately.                In conclusion, conflicts will always be prevalent in any interpersonal relationships. Be it between husband and wife, parent and child or friends, conflict is sure to arise because of the unique difference between every individual. It is how people manage and express the conflicts that would determine whether the resolution is satisfying for all parties. Thus, it is crucial that one be able to adopt the proper style in expressing his/her dissatisfaction based on the situation at hand in order to reduce the impact of conflicts and maintain healthy interpersonal relationships. Bibliography: Adler, R.B., Rodman, G. (2003) Understanding Human Communication. New York: Oxford University Press.
Sunday, January 19, 2020
Oral Diseases During Pregnancy Health And Social Care Essay
Pregnancy is a delicate status affecting complex physical and physiological alterations. Pregnancy constitutes a particular physiological province characterized by a series of impermanent adaptative alterations in organic structure construction, as the consequence of an increased production of estrogens, Lipo-Lutin, gonadotrophins, and relaxin, among other endocrines. The unwritten pit is besides affected by such endocrinal actions, and may show both transient and irreversible alterations every bit good as alterations that are considered pathological [ 1 ] . Pregnant adult females are peculiarly susceptible to gingival and periodontic disease. In this context, different unwritten lesions are reported to be common during gestation. In consequence, an increased prevalence of dental changes excessively has been documented, including peculiarly cavities and erodings [ 2 ] . The biochemical and hormonal alterations of gestation enhance the hazard. Since the old married womans ‘ narrative of â€Å" the loss of a tooth for every gestation, †unwritten wellness during gestation has long been a focal point of involvement [ 3 ] . Vergnes and Sixou [ 4 ] , in their systematic, a meta-analytic reappraisal of 17 articles concluded that there was a statistically important association between periodontal disease and inauspicious gestation results. Perinatal mortality rates in Pakistan and many other developing states are more than 10-fold greater than in developed states. In a survey on periodontic disease and inauspicious birth results in pregnant Pakistani adult females, it was found that they have high degrees of moderate-to-severe dental disease. It was concluded that spontaneous abortion and neonatal and perinatal deceases increased with the badness of periodontic disease [ 5 ] . Patients, doctors, and tooth doctors are cautious, frequently avoiding intervention of unwritten wellness issues during gestation. This job is compounded by a deficiency of clinical guidelines for the direction of common unwritten conditions in gestation. In the absence of pattern guidelines, fright of medico legal action based on negligent or deficient intervention of unwritten conditions during gestation abounds, but it is mostly baseless [ 6 ] . In add-on to a deficiency of pattern criterions, barriers to dental attention during gestation include unequal dental insurance, relentless myths about the effects of gestation on dental wellness, and concerns for fetal safety during dental intervention [ 7 ] . Common PROBLEMS DURING PREGNANCY Oral lesions: During gestation, the unwritten pit is exposed more frequently to gastric acid that can gnaw dental enamel. Morning illness is a common cause early in gestation ; subsequently, a slack esophageal sphincter and upward force per unit area from the big womb can do or worsen acerb reflux. Patients with terrible purging can hold enamel erodings. Rinsing the oral cavity with a teaspoon of baking sodium carbonate in a cup of H2O or using tooth mousse ( casein phosphopeptide formless Ca phosphate ) on the dentition after purging can neutralize acid. Pregnant adult females should be advised to avoid brushing their dentitions instantly after purging and to utilize a toothbrush with soft bristles when they do brush to cut down the hazard of enamel harm. Fluoride gargle can protect eroded or sensitive dentitions. Dental Cavities: An increased prevalence of dental changes has been documented, including peculiarly cavities ( 99.38 % ) [ 2 ] . Pregnant adult females are at higher hazard of tooth decay for several grounds ; including increased sourness in the unwritten pit, sugary dietetic cravings, and limited attending to unwritten wellness. Untreated dental cavities can take to unwritten abscess and facial cellulitis. Pregnant patients should diminish their hazard of cavities by brushing twice daily with fluoride toothpaste and restricting sugary nutrients. Patients with untreated cavities and associated complications should be referred to a tooth doctor for unequivocal intervention. If the female parent ( infecting individual ) has high salivary mutans streptococci count, transmittal occurs through several day-to-day spit contacts between the kid and the female parent. The acquisition of mutans streptococci is suggested to happen during a distinct age interval: a â€Å" window of infectivity †between 19 and 31 months in which the proportion of kids with MS additions from 25 % to 75 % [ 8 ] . Numerous literatures have stated that both hapless nutrition and low birth weight are risk factors for the development of early childhood cavities ( ECC ) . ECC is an early arising, potentially lay waste toing and deadly signifier of dental cavities. It non merely does dentitions, but consequences in hurting, infection and damage of unwritten map which leads to malnutrition and lessened quality of life. Under- or malnourished babies and babies with low birth weight are at hazard for enamel hypoplasia ( uncomplete formation of enamel ) [ 9 ] . Enamel hypoplasia may do an irregular enamel surface or stain, which can ensue in countries more prone to cavities. Therefore, pregnant female parents should be advised to optimise nutrition during the 3rd trimester and the baby ‘s first twelvemonth, when the enamel is undergoing ripening. Pregnancy Oral Tumor: Pyogenic granuloma ( or pregnancy tumour ) seems to be common in the conceiving female population. Pregnancy unwritten tumours are vascular lesions caused by increased Lipo-Lutin in combination with local thorns and bacteriums. Lesions are typically erythematous, smooth, and lobulated ; they are located chiefly on the gum. The lingua, roof of the mouth, or buccal mucous membrane may besides be involved. Pregnancy tumours are most common after the first trimester, turn quickly, and typically recede after bringing. Management is normally experimental unless the tumours bleed, interfere with chew, or do non decide after bringing. Lesions surgically removed during gestation are likely to repeat [ 10 ] . Loose ( Mobile ) Teeth: Dentitions can loosen during gestation, even in the absence of gum disease, because of increased degrees of Lipo-Lutin and estrogen impacting the periodontium ( i.e. , the ligaments and bone that support the dentition ) [ 1 ] . For unsophisticated loose dentitions non associated with periodontic disease, doctors should reassure patients that the status is impermanent, and entirely it will non do tooth loss [ 11 ] . Gingivitis: Gingivitis is the most common unwritten disease in gestation in such state of affairss. It is redness of the superficial gum tissue. During gestation, gingivitis is aggravated by fluctuations in estrogen and Lipo-Lutin degrees in combination with alterations in unwritten vegetations and a reduced immune response, therefore cut downing the organic structure ‘s ability to mend and keep gingival tissue [ 12 ] . Thorough unwritten hygiene steps, including tooth brushing and flossing, are recommended. Patients with terrible gingivitis may necessitate professional cleansing and demand to utilize mouth rinses such as chlorhexidine. Periodontal disease: Periodontal disease is a destructive redness of the periodontium impacting many adult females of childbearing age. The procedure involves bacterial infiltration of the periodontium. Toxins produced by the bacteriums stimulate a chronic inflammatory response, and the periodontium is broken down and destroyed, making pockets that become septic. Finally, the dentition loosen. This procedure can bring on perennial bacteraemia, which indirectly triggers the hepatic ague stage response, ensuing in production of cytokines, prostaglandins ( i.e. , PGE2 ) , and interleukins ( i.e. , IL-6, IL-8 ) , all of which can impact gestation [ 13 ] . Elevated degrees of these inflammatory markers have been found in the amnionic fluid of adult females with periodontal disease and preterm birth compared with healthy control patients [ 14 ] . In one survey, research workers found minimum unwritten bacteriums in the amnionic fluid and placenta of adult females with preterm labor and periodontal disease [ 15 ] . It seems likely that this inflammatory cascade entirely prematurely initiates labors due to early uterine contractions. The mechanism is thought to be similar for low birth weight ; the release of PGE2 restricts placental blood flow and causes placental mortification and attendant intrauterine growing limitation [ 16 ] . PRENATAL Guidance Prenatal unwritten wellness reding for parents is an of import factor because infant unwritten wellness begins at this phase. The chief aim is to bring forth consciousness among parents about dental disease, its bar and the agencies to supply a suited environment for the kid to develop. Prospective parents need to cognize that antenatal appraisal and instruction are indispensable to the unwritten wellness of their kid. Prenatal appraisal includes unwritten wellness position of the parent. If the parents are at hazard, the tooth doctor should supply preventative intervention and educate them on good plaque control, followed by Restorations if required and discourse the transmissibility of Mutans streptococci from the female parent to the baby. Parents should be monitored on a regular footing to guarantee effectual unwritten hygiene and dietetic wonts have been established. Improvement of the female parent ‘s unwritten hygiene, diet and the usage of oral cavity rinses can hold a important impact on the kid ‘s cavities rate in the hereafter [ 17 ] . Anticipatory counsel: Anticipatory counsel is the procedure of supplying practical, developmentally appropriate information about kids ‘s wellness to fix parents for the important physical, emotional and psychological mileposts. Anticipatory counsel involves three types of undertakings: ( I ) assemblage information, ( two ) set uping a curative confederation, and ( three ) supplying instruction and counsel. General prevenient counsel for the female parent includes the undermentioned [ 18 ] , [ 19 ] : ( a ) Education refering development and bar of dental disease and besides presentation of unwritten hygiene processs. ( B ) Reding to instil preventative attitudes and motive. ( degree Celsius ) Supplying information to pregnant adult females about gestation gingivitis ( redness of the gum caused by an exacerbated response to dental plaque, related to hormonal alterations during gestation ) . With gingivitis, the gums become inflamed, conceited, sensitive and tend to shed blood. Signs of gingivitis may go apparent in the 2nd trimester and extremum during the 9th month of gestation. ( vitamin D ) Visiting a tooth doctor for an scrutiny and Restoration of all active decay every bit shortly as executable and to diminish opportunities of developing gestation gingivitis. ( vitamin E ) Eating healthy nutrients such as fruits, veggies, grain merchandises ( particularly whole grain ) , and dairy merchandises ( milk, cheese ) during repasts and bites. Limit eating between repasts. ( degree Fahrenheit ) Eating nutrients incorporating merely sugar at mealtimes, and restricting the sum. Frequent ingestion of nutrients high in sugar additions the hazard for tooth decay. In add-on, frequent ingestion of nutrients that easy adhere to the tooth surface, such as dried fruit and confect, increase the hazard for tooth decay. ( g ) Brushing teeth exhaustively twice a twenty-four hours ( after breakfast and before bed ) with fluoridated toothpaste and flossing day-to-day. ( H ) Rinsing every dark with an alcohol-free, nonprescription fluoridated mouth rinse. ( I ) Not smoking coffin nails or masticating baccy. DENTAL PROCEDURES DURING PREGNANCY Every pregnant adult female should be assessed for dental hygiene wonts, unwritten jobs ( e.g. , cavities, gingivitis ) , and entree to dental attention [ 11 ] . Conversely, inauspicious gestation outcomes, such as low birth weight, preterm birth, and pre-eclampsia, occur in adult females who have non received intervention. Good unwritten wellness during gestation is of import to the overall wellness of both anticipant female parents and their babes. Relevant information sing the type of dental intervention that can be undertaken may be summarized as follows [ 18 ] , [ 19 ] : First trimester: It is the most important period for growing of fetus. Merely exigency dental intervention should be undertaken in audience with the patient ‘s doctor when organogenesis is uncomplete. Second and 3rd trimester: Emergency every bit good as elected dental intervention can be provided. The 3rd trimester presents the extra jobs of positional uncomfortableness and the hazard of vein caval compaction. Prop uping a adult female on her left side, shifting frequently, and maintaining visits brief can cut down jobs [ 20 ] . Postponing dental attention until after bringing can be debatable because new female parents are focused on the attention of their neonates and may hold alveolar consonant insurance merely during gestation [ 13 ] . Plaque diet control plans are initiated for female parent throughout gestation. Screening and Prevention: Oral scrutiny should include the dentitions, gums, lingua, roof of the mouth, and mucous membrane. Patients should be counselled to execute everyday brushing and flossing, to avoid inordinate sums of sugary bites and drinks, and to confer with a tooth doctor. Status of and programs for unwritten wellness should be documented. Many tooth doctors are reported to be loath to handle pregnant adult females [ 21 ] . Physicians and tooth doctors can get the better of this state of affairs through instruction, clear communicating, and the development of ongoing collaborative relationships. Doctors can portion information on the safety of dental intervention in gestation with dental co-workers and supply clear referral recommendations. Diagnosis: Dental skiagraphy may be performed in gestation for acute diagnostic intents [ 22 ] . When possible, skiagraphy should be delayed until after the first trimester. Screening skiagraphy should be deferred until after bringing. Modern fast movie, turning away of retakes, and usage of lead aprons and thyroid shields all bound hazard. The teratogenic hazard of radiation exposure from unwritten movies is 1,000 times less than the natural hazard of self-generated abortion or deformity [ 21 ] . Medicines for Dental processs: Local anaesthetics such as Lidocaine ( Xylocaine ) and prilocaine ( Citanest ) mixed with adrenaline are safe for processs when dosed suitably [ 23 ] . Sedatives such as benzodiazepines ( e.g. , Versed ) , lorazepam ( Ativan ) and triazolam ( Halcion ) should be avoided. Azotic oxide is non rated and its usage in gestation is controversial [ 24 ] . Periodontic Therapy: A randomized controlled test of 870 adult females with pregnancy-associated gingivitis found that intervention ( ie, plaque control, grading, and daily rinsing with 0.12 % chlorhexidine ) and care ( ie, unwritten hygiene direction and manual supragingival plaque remotion every 2 to 3 hebdomads until bringing ) significantly reduced the preterm birth or LBW rate [ 25 ] . Renewing Dentistry: Amalgam, a mixture of 50 % metallic quicksilver and other metals, has advantages over other renewing stuffs ; nevertheless, there is concern that quicksilver can be released as vapor, ions, or all right atoms, which can be inhaled or ingested. Surveies and instance studies of amalgam exposure during gestation have non documented any toxicity, including birth defects, neurologic sequelae, self-generated abortions, or decrease in birthrate [ 26 ] . A longitudinal rating of renewing stuffs employed in a minimum renewing intercession attack of 81 high caries-active pregnant adult females demonstrated that extremely syrupy glass ionomer cement applied in a minimum intercession attack provided high-quality preventative and renewing attention. The complex was employed in pits exposed to lower emphasis, such as in the anterior dentitions [ 27 ] . Dental Extraction: Tooth extraction during gestation seems to be a common thing. The many hormonal alterations during gestation cause many pregnant adult females to hold jobs that they did n't hold before they became pregnant. One of the things that happen is that the gum is much more sensitive to annoyance. They swell, become inflamed, turn ruddy, bleed and are frequently painful. These reactions are to the plaque environing the dentition. It is really common to hold gum job around a wisdom tooth and the surrounding gums merely acquire more aggravated while a adult female is pregnant. This is the primary ground that tooth extraction during gestation is non an uncommon experience.A Of class, tooth doctors would prefer to avoid tooth extraction during gestation. However, the best involvements of the kid must be thought of excessively. A female parent that is in changeless hurting while transporting a kid is emphasizing out her organic structure. This is likely non healthy for the kid. A tooth extraction process nowadays is really soft and many patients are non even aware that their tooth has been removed. Root Canal Treatment: Many pregnant adult females are concerned about the effects of a root canal process to their fetus. Obstetricians suggest that it is best to avoid exposing the developing babe to any hazards, even if they are minimum. Unfortunately, it is non the same to prorogue a root canal intervention as it is to prorogue a dentition whitening process. If the tooth doctor recommends a root canal during gestation, the hazards are associated with: Pain: Dentition that need root canal therapy are normally accompanied by terrible odontalgia. Continuous hurting during gestation can be a truly nerve-racking status with potentially negative effects to the female parent and fetus. Infection: The conditions when a root canal is recommended during gestation ever affect tooth infection. If the infection is left untreated for a long clip, the infection can distribute throughout the organic structure doing terrible complications. This is a status that will set a gestation into important danger. A safer attack to a root canal intervention during gestation: Obstetricians consider the first trimester as the most important for the development of the fetus. Any non-emergency dental work in the 1st trimester should be postponed until the 2nd trimester, to avoid all possible hazards. If needed the tooth doctor can open an abscessed tooth to let drainage and hurting alleviation, and clean the mush country every bit good as possible. Subsequently, when gestation enters the 2nd trimester, an X ray can be taken to let the completion of the root canal intervention. The same process can be followed for a job during the 3rd trimester ; concluding intervention is postponed until after the birth, if possible. Management of Acute Dental conditions: If mild cellulitis is present, penicillin, Amoxil, and Keflex are sensible first-line antibiotics. Erythromycin base ( non erythromycin estolate, which is associated with cholestatic hepatitis in gestation ) or clindamycin ( Cleocin ) can be used in the type 1 hypersensitivity penicillin-allergic patient. For terrible cellulitis, the patient should be hospitalized and treated with endovenous Mefoxins or clindamycin. To pull off dental hurting, Datril is the drug of pick ; isobutylphenyl propionic acid and limited usage of oxycodone are appropriate [ 11 ] . PREVENTIVE METHODS Although a figure of non-invasive preventative intercessions, traditional wellness instruction remains the gilded criterion for presenting the message to promote parents to subscribe to these preventative intercessions. By â€Å" traditional wellness instruction, †which means advice-giving Sessionss conducted by professionals and/or the airing of information via booklets, postings and media runs. Unfortunately, such attacks are non effectual [ 28 ] . Weinstein & A ; co workers, after biennial consequences of controlled test suggested that motivational interviewing ( MI ) guidance has a positive consequence on kids ‘s dental wellness that is greater than that of traditional wellness instruction [ 29 ] . The antimicrobic intervention ( topical application of Na fluoride ( NaF ) and iodine solution instantly after prophylaxis and 3 and 5 yearss subsequently ) for the pregnant female parent, 6 and 12 months after bringing had greater influence by cut downing the acquisition of MS from the female parent to the kids [ 30 ] . Kohler et Al ( 1994 ) used chlorhexidine ( CHX ) in female parents with a high degree of MS in spit and found that there is a decrease in the MS degree of spit of the female parent and besides had a long-run consequence on the MS colonisation and besides on the cavities experience of the kid [ 31 ] . A 30 month survey to measure the effectivity of a cavities preventative government ( 0.05 % Na fluoride and 0.12 % chlorhexidine oral cavity rinse everyday during 6 months of gestation till 24 months after bringing ) showed promising consequences on utilizing combination of fluoride and chlorhexidine [ 32 ] , [ 33 ] . Fluoride is the most widely known and accepted anti-caries agent available, and chlorhexidine is the most widely used plaque-inhibitory compound33. These agents have wholly different mechanisms of action, and their combined disposal produces a synergic consequence on mutans streptococci [ 33 ] . Xylitol and chlorhexidine lower maternal unwritten bacterial burden and cut down transmittal of bacteriums to babies when used tardily in gestation and/or in the postpartum period. Both topical agents are safe in gestation and during suckling [ 34 ] . Surveies have used different dosing degrees, and the optimum dosage for consistent bar is ill-defined. Long-run usage of high-dose xylitol mastication gums had good effects on plaque pH, and that this consequence was statistically greater when utilizing xylitol masticating gums, both on plaque pH and MS salivary concentration [ 35 ] . Decision Dental intervention is indispensable for optimum unwritten wellness, which extends to pregnancy. Routine dental visits can include the usage of X raies, unwritten prophylaxis, Restorations, interventional interventions like root canal interventions, periodontic surgeries and extractions because utilizing local anesthetics during gestation have non been found to be associated with an increased hazard to the developing fetus. Conversely, inauspicious gestation outcomes, such as low birth weight, preterm birth, and pre-eclampsia, occur in adult females who have non received intervention. However, gestation is a clip when adult females may be more motivated to do healthy alterations. Gynecologists and doctors can turn to maternal unwritten issues, potentially cut downing the hazard of preterm birth and childhood cavities through unwritten disease bar, diagnosing, early direction, and dental referral.
Saturday, January 11, 2020
Personality Analysis Essay
How Personality Affects Situational Behavior Relative to learning theory; human behavior is associated with cognitive and environmental factors (Feist & Feist, 2009). Bandura (1997) self-efficacy theory supposes a person’s individual perception on if a particular task could be achieved and influence a person’s aptitude to achieve. Bandura deemed the power of personal efficacy profoundly has an effect a person’s reaction in a particular circumstance. Conversely, even supposing an essential influence; it is not, the sole influence on behavior. Personal expectations, previous behavior, in addition to the environment play a role in what causes behavior (Feist & Feist, 2009). Presupposition of the behaviorist learning theory, individuals obtain learning by experimenting with alternatives; individuals evaluate diverse behaviors until they connect with a specific behavior. Learning theory considers humankind pertain past learned information as a process to acquiring particular expectation and common principles in related circumstances (Feist & Feist, 2009). An individual reviews similar experiences before generating behavior in a new circumstance this method determines the best action and selects one that will suggest a related result (Feist & Feist, 2009). It has been established in some theories; the learner is unreceptive and basically reacts to environmental motivation. Cognitive learning theory supposes individuals are sympathetic logical beings, thus individual behavior is established as a result of conception development. Personality theories stem from an array of developments; manipulations, effects, and many other aspects. The base of personality theories began with several prominent theorists, Jung, Freud, Klein, and Erikson, and many others. The similarity of influences and the development of personality on behavior remain in psychology today. An individual’s characteristic traits and personality is the combination to one’s uniqueness. The development method of personality transpires through environmental factors, heredity, life experiences, and behavioral changes. The relationship between personality and behavior derive from the internal work of the unconscious drive (Feist & Feist, 2009). Humanism is a standard approach that considers learning is applied as an individual process to accomplish a person’s individual capability (Feist & Feist, 2009). In humanistic theory, individual learners have an affecting and cognitive necessity; this reaction will motivate a response to a condition (Feist & Feist, 2009). Through a learners encouraging environment, when faced with a situation, an individual will learn and respond appositely. Through a humanistic viewpoint, a response to a particular situation is directed to an individual’s current needs and fulfillment. The ultimate response of the individual is in a way substantial to the fulfillment of current or aspiring needs (Feist & Feist, 2009). A behavioristic perception of personality is far from specific and accurate. Several theorists consider that even though personality is to some extent foreseeable, a fraction of it is contradictory because of the self-determination within all of us, whereas individuals respond outside of that which is predictable. For example, you may find a person that is moderately stable and unemotional who is all of a sudden confronted with a trauma or tragedy, such as being witness or victim to a violent crime or the tragic loss of a loved one. This may trigger aspects of their personality such as extreme anger and violence. Personality Characteristics within the Perspectives The learning theories support that personality is an accretion of learned tendencies that carry on all through the existence. Skinner considered genetics is a significant contribution in personality development and unique personality’s stems from genetic variance; the ultimate factor of shaping the personality is environmental (Feist & Feist, 2009). Skinner also supposed a person’s environment and personal physical strength in relative to animals assisted with influencing the common personality of human beings; however social environmental factors influences and creates distinctive personality traits. Skinner stated personality as â€Å"at best a repertoire of behavior imparted by an organized set of contingencies†(Skinner, 1974, as cited by Feist & Feist, 2009). According to the theory of Bandura, he believed human nature as â€Å"proactive, self- organizing, self-regulating, and self-reflective†(Feist & Feist, 2009). Bandura established observational learning allows individuals to learn devoid of performing behavior. In addition, Bandura supposed â€Å"learning theories are considered for accepting individual intelligence, differences, genetic factors or the whole realm of personality†(Feist & Feist, 2009). Humanistic psychology beliefs are determined towards the biological drive regarding personal development, despite of environmental factors; people freely make their own choices (Boeree, 1997). Free will is a significant origin in personality development. Self-actualization is a dominant purpose for the conception of the personality (Boeree, 1997). Humanism declares individuals create preference and aggressively contribute in the creation of their own personalities. Maslow supposed biological factors supplied the essential factor for the individual; though, cultural and environmental have an effect on shaping the self-image characteristics or personality (Feist & Feist, 2009). Rogers acknowledged self-awareness, and this consciousness allowed individuals to create preferences and partake in creating their own unique personalities (Boeree, 1997). Interpersonal Relations According to the humanist/existential viewpoint, Abraham Maslow theory involved satisfying love and acceptance was a primary requirement and must be fulfilled by establishing family, friendships, romantic relationships, and sustaining other personal relationships. Maslow projected contentment at this stage was essential for other stages of the contentment of humans (Feist & Feist, 2009). Carl Rogers’s philosophy involved a child who had a parent or caregiver that had a positive interest for the child encouraged positive psychological growth. Positive affection from others is essential for healthy development and success toward self-actualization (Boeree, 1997). The common viewpoint of humanism and existentialism observed interpersonal relationships as a essential role of human life, without these interpersonal relationships, growth and development may not be psychologically beneficial (Hoffman, 2004). According to Feist & Feist, (2009), Maslow alleged people content in interpersonal relationships have self-confidence in social affairs and have the knowledge and understanding of how to love. In a learning perspective, interpersonal relationships are built on shaped behaviors. For example if you smiled at a person, the person will smile back at you, then say I love animals and they smile leading both parties talking more about animals and intensifying those important aspects of the individuals personality that are socially related to conversations about animals. Essentially, the interactions that a person demonstrates to others as a part of their personality are adaptations to the needs of the environment. Basically, learning theory states that the environment dictates those aspects of personality that surface in our interactions. Conclusion Personality stems from learning theories which defines human learning and its consequential behavior and is created from environmental factors with some internal aspects, while humanistic theory supposes in a greater inclination for internal human drive toward an essential human state of self that is ascertained. The distinct viewpoint with regard to the influence of personalities on particular behavior, the unique description of human nature and personality, and the distinct clarification of interpersonal associations all represent a distinctive perception of humanity through psychological thought and relevance. Essentially, personality, though an excellent guide to what may happen, is highly influenced by outside factors, external threats and even internal traumas that emerge from our past. Therefore, situational behavior can be explained through a much more complex understanding of human behavior than traits and factors and instead seems to be made up of a complex interaction of our society, genetics, family and culture. References Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman. Boeree, C. G. (1997). Carl Rogers. My Webspace Files. Retrieved April 27, 2011, from http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/rogers Colman, A. M. (Ed.). (2010). Humanistic psychology. In Oxford Reference Online. Retrieved May 7, 2011, from http://www.oxfordreference.com Feist, J. & Feist, G. J. (2009). Theories of personality (7th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw Hill. Hoffman, L. (2004). Existential therapy. Existential Therapy Homepage. Retrieved May 08, 2011, from http://www.existential-therapy.com
Friday, January 3, 2020
The State Of The Electoral College - 1077 Words
â€Å"Tyranny naturally arises out of democracy.†These words from the Greek philosopher Plato summarize the most fundamental concern of the delegates to the Constitutional Convention when they considered what the best way to conduct presidential elections would be. While, in concept, democracy sounds like the fairest form of government, in practice, it is less than ideal. Fear of â€Å"tyranny of the majority†prompted discussion over how the president should be elected. The Founders chose the Electoral Collegeâ€â€which incorporates democracy, federalism, and republicanismâ€â€for presidential selection, because it provided for the best balance of power. The Electoral College was the product of no small amount of debate during the Constitutional†¦show more content†¦While he agreed that â€Å"the sense of the people should operate in the choice of the [president],†he made clear the importance of â€Å"afford[ing] as little opportunity as poss ible to tumult and disorder.†This would require the will of the people to be tempered by â€Å"an intermediate body of electors.†Not only would this be a compromise between the competing ideas in the Constitutional Convention, it would prevent any one group from having undue discretion when it came to electing the most powerful person in government. Of these competing ideas, two are prominently reflected in the Electoral College. The first is democracy, an idea largely advanced by Alexis de Tocqueville in Democracy in America. Democracy, loosely defined as the direct representation of people in government, seems the most logical way to conduct an election. The second is federalism. Understanding how this could become problematic, the founders decided to include states in the election process. According to Federalist 68, this would allow â€Å"the people of each State [to] choose a number of persons as electors†¦who shall assemble†¦and vote for some fit p erson as President.†This balance of individual and state discretion would soon be codified in Article 2, Section 1 of the Constitution. The Electoral College has remained steadfast in our ever changing world. WhatShow MoreRelatedThe United States Electoral College715 Words  | 3 Pages The electoral College was developed at the first constitutional convention in 1787 by James Wilson. The idea of the electoral college was influenced by how Rome would elect the Pope around the same time. During the Constitutional Convention they bounced around several ideas on which way would be most effective to elect a president. The number of electors was dependent upon the number of people in that states senate, (will always be 2) and the number of the people that state had in the House, (whichRead MoreThe Electoral College Of The United States1681 Words  | 7 PagesThe Electoral College The Electoral College in the United States is not a place but a process. It was a process our founding fathers established in the Constitution. It is a complicated voting system that most citizens today do not understand. The Electoral College has been in place for well over two hundred years and is unfortunately showing its age. Most people believe that when they vote in a general election for the President, they truly believe they are voting for the president. ThisRead MoreThe Electoral College Of The United States1621 Words  | 7 PagesThe Electoral College in the United States is not a place but a process. It was a process our founding fathers established in the Constitution. It is a complicated voting system that most citizens today do not understand. The Electoral College has been in place for well over two hundred years and is unfortunately showing its age. Most people believe that when they vote in a general election for the President, they truly believe they ar e voting for the president. This has shown to be the caseRead MoreUnited States Electoral College2080 Words  | 9 Pages Marlon Straker Professor Trokkos PLS 201 04 December 2016 Electoral College With every Presidential election, the United States’ electoral college takes place. The electoral college has been around for about 200 years and it is still going strong with its intended purpose. According to Merriam-Webster Dictionary, Democracy is defined as a government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or indirectly through a system of representationRead MoreThe United States Electoral College1757 Words  | 8 Pages The United States Electoral College is ultimately the way the President is elected. The electors are first picked from their state party, and then on election day they are voted on, based on their party. Then those electors take the popular vote from their state to either pursued their vote, or not. The electors are under no obligation to vote in the way that their state did. This is one reason why sometime the popular vote and the electoral votes don’t agree. Each state has a different amountRead MoreThe United States Electoral College1869 Words  | 8 PagesThe Electoral College was established with the best of intentions of representing the American people; however, over time, this antiquated system has failed the American people. The people of the United States deserve better as the Electoral College is no longer a representation of the nation’s voices and concerns. Instead, the political machine has corrupted this deep-rooted system with each modification. The way the people of the United States elect the President and Vice President, requires anRead MoreThe Electoral College in The United States1669 Words  | 7 Pagesaspect of American democracy at the forefront of the world stage. The election to the office of the leader of the free world, the Presidency of the United States of America was in question. How could a candidate receive more votes and still lose in the richest most powerful democracy in the world? I need n ot to go into a debate about the Electoral College as my stance will be clarified rather clearly. The night of the election it seemed as if the Vice President and candidate for the Democratic PartyRead MoreThe United States Electoral College1009 Words  | 5 Pages TravelChinaGuide.com (n.d.) states that Chinese years are represented by twelve zodiacal animal signs. The demographic religious breakdown is as follows: Folk religion, 21.9%, Buddhist, 18.2%, Christian, 5.1%, Muslim, 1.8%, Jewish and Hindu are both less than 0.1% (CIA World Factbook, 2015). Demographically, there are more males than females. Recently, the Chinese government lifted their ban of one child maximum per family (Burkitt, 2015). China’s government In 2013, XI Jinping was elected as PresidentRead MoreThe Electoral College System Of The United States Essay1670 Words  | 7 PagesAfter a year of voting and much debate the final decision of electing the 45th president of the United States was once again down to the Electoral College. (history) The Electoral College system was established by the founding fathers around 130 years ago and basically a process used to select the President and vice President of the United States of America (Procon). So when you went to the polls on November 8th and casted your vote for the next president, something else happened behind the scenesRead MoreThe Electoral College And The United States Of America1065 Words  | 5 PagesThe 45th President if the United States of America will be sworn in on January 2017. So let’s examine the election process leading up to this momentous occasion. The president and vice president are not chosen by a nationwide popular vote of the American people. Rather, they are chosen by the slate of 538 Electors who have pledged their support for that candidate. The Electoral College is a process, not a place. This process is spelled out in the United States Constitution. Why Did the Founding
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