The State Of The Electoral College - 1077 Words

â€Å"Tyranny naturally arises out of democracy.† These words from the Greek philosopher Plato summarize the most fundamental concern of the delegates to the Constitutional Convention when they considered what the best way to conduct presidential elections would be. While, in concept, democracy sounds like the fairest form of government, in practice, it is less than ideal. Fear of â€Å"tyranny of the majority† prompted discussion over how the president should be elected. The Founders chose the Electoral College—which incorporates democracy, federalism, and republicanism—for presidential selection, because it provided for the best balance of power. The Electoral College was the product of no small amount of debate during the Constitutional†¦show more content†¦While he agreed that â€Å"the sense of the people should operate in the choice of the [president],† he made clear the importance of â€Å"afford[ing] as little opportunity as poss ible to tumult and disorder.† This would require the will of the people to be tempered by â€Å"an intermediate body of electors.† Not only would this be a compromise between the competing ideas in the Constitutional Convention, it would prevent any one group from having undue discretion when it came to electing the most powerful person in government. Of these competing ideas, two are prominently reflected in the Electoral College. The first is democracy, an idea largely advanced by Alexis de Tocqueville in Democracy in America. Democracy, loosely defined as the direct representation of people in government, seems the most logical way to conduct an election. The second is federalism. Understanding how this could become problematic, the founders decided to include states in the election process. According to Federalist 68, this would allow â€Å"the people of each State [to] choose a number of persons as electors†¦who shall assemble†¦and vote for some fit p erson as President.† This balance of individual and state discretion would soon be codified in Article 2, Section 1 of the Constitution. The Electoral College has remained steadfast in our ever changing world. WhatShow MoreRelatedThe United States Electoral College715 Words   |  3 Pages The electoral College was developed at the first constitutional convention in 1787 by James Wilson. The idea of the electoral college was influenced by how Rome would elect the Pope around the same time. During the Constitutional Convention they bounced around several ideas on which way would be most effective to elect a president. The number of electors was dependent upon the number of people in that states senate, (will always be 2) and the number of the people that state had in the House, (whichRead MoreThe Electoral College Of The United States1681 Words   |  7 PagesThe Electoral College The Electoral College in the United States is not a place but a process. It was a process our founding fathers established in the Constitution. It is a complicated voting system that most citizens today do not understand. The Electoral College has been in place for well over two hundred years and is unfortunately showing its age. Most people believe that when they vote in a general election for the President, they truly believe they are voting for the president. ThisRead MoreThe Electoral College Of The United States1621 Words   |  7 PagesThe Electoral College in the United States is not a place but a process. It was a process our founding fathers established in the Constitution. It is a complicated voting system that most citizens today do not understand. The Electoral College has been in place for well over two hundred years and is unfortunately showing its age. Most people believe that when they vote in a general election for the President, they truly believe they ar e voting for the president. This has shown to be the caseRead MoreUnited States Electoral College2080 Words   |  9 Pages Marlon Straker Professor Trokkos PLS 201 04 December 2016 Electoral College With every Presidential election, the United States’ electoral college takes place. The electoral college has been around for about 200 years and it is still going strong with its intended purpose. According to Merriam-Webster Dictionary, Democracy is defined as a government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or indirectly through a system of representationRead MoreThe United States Electoral College1757 Words   |  8 Pages The United States Electoral College is ultimately the way the President is elected. The electors are first picked from their state party, and then on election day they are voted on, based on their party. Then those electors take the popular vote from their state to either pursued their vote, or not. The electors are under no obligation to vote in the way that their state did. This is one reason why sometime the popular vote and the electoral votes don’t agree. Each state has a different amountRead MoreThe United States Electoral College1869 Words   |  8 PagesThe Electoral College was established with the best of intentions of representing the American people; however, over time, this antiquated system has failed the American people. The people of the United States deserve better as the Electoral College is no longer a representation of the nation’s voices and concerns. Instead, the political machine has corrupted this deep-rooted system with each modification. The way the people of the United States elect the President and Vice President, requires anRead MoreThe Electoral College in The United States1669 Words   |  7 Pagesaspect of American democracy at the forefront of the world stage. The election to the office of the leader of the free world, the Presidency of the United States of America was in question. How could a candidate receive more votes and still lose in the richest most powerful democracy in the world? I need n ot to go into a debate about the Electoral College as my stance will be clarified rather clearly. The night of the election it seemed as if the Vice President and candidate for the Democratic PartyRead MoreThe United States Electoral College1009 Words   |  5 Pages TravelChinaGuide.com (n.d.) states that Chinese years are represented by twelve zodiacal animal signs. The demographic religious breakdown is as follows: Folk religion, 21.9%, Buddhist, 18.2%, Christian, 5.1%, Muslim, 1.8%, Jewish and Hindu are both less than 0.1% (CIA World Factbook, 2015). Demographically, there are more males than females. Recently, the Chinese government lifted their ban of one child maximum per family (Burkitt, 2015). China’s government In 2013, XI Jinping was elected as PresidentRead MoreThe Electoral College System Of The United States Essay1670 Words   |  7 PagesAfter a year of voting and much debate the final decision of electing the 45th president of the United States was once again down to the Electoral College. (history) The Electoral College system was established by the founding fathers around 130 years ago and basically a process used to select the President and vice President of the United States of America (Procon). So when you went to the polls on November 8th and casted your vote for the next president, something else happened behind the scenesRead MoreThe Electoral College And The United States Of America1065 Words   |  5 PagesThe 45th President if the United States of America will be sworn in on January 2017. So let’s examine the election process leading up to this momentous occasion. The president and vice president are not chosen by a nationwide popular vote of the American people. Rather, they are chosen by the slate of 538 Electors who have pledged their support for that candidate. The Electoral College is a process, not a place. This process is spelled out in the United States Constitution. Why Did the Founding

Advantages Of Open Small Group Systems Essay - 1158 Words

An open system has more freeing boundaries and has interchange between it and its environment, while a close system has more strict boundaries and has very little interchange between it and its environment. 3. What is a bona fide group? What about a bona fide virtual group? Bona Fide Group is a group with stable, but permeable boundaries that are independent with their relevant contexts. A Bona Fide Virtual Group is where groups meet through technology rather than face-to-face. 4. In what ways was there interchange between the church board described in the chapter and its environment? Communicating about the decisions at the meetings. The board realized if they kept the information to themselves then they would lose the trust and support from the environment. 5. Describe two ideal group throughput processes. †¢ Meetings where final decisions are made and job roles are assigned. †¢ People signing a job offer letter where the boss is explaining their roles and expectations. Opinion Topics 1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of open small group systems as opposed to closed small group systems? Disadvantages with a open small group would be that it is constantly changing towards the appeal of its environment; however, to stay competitive in any market in today’s time you must be willing to change and adapt to certain environments. Also, with an open group the boundaries are more flexible so pushing the limited is not as frowned upon. 2. What do you think areShow MoreRelatedThe Urban Sprawl Of Los Angeles1641 Words   |  7 Pagesincreased. â€Å"Los Angeles is the least affordable rental market in the country.† (La times Sewell 2016) Angelenos are stuck in the correlated problems, which are rooted at the beginning of its history. The excessive demand for housing caused the lack of open communal space in L.A. Its attitude towards finding an empty place and expanding urban brought additional quantity that they cannot handle. The high quality of urban life isn’t realized for them. â€Å" To some protagonists of urban â€Å"progress† this processRead MorePopular ERP vendors1060 Words   |  4 PagesDynamics, Epicor Software, Infor Global Solutions, Sage Group, Lawson Software, IFS and Open Bravo are the most popular ERP software vendors globally. Implementing the major proprietary ERP systems are however expensive thus Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) usually opt for using open source ERPs since SMEs typically have to address major difficulties due to the limited resources available for selecting and adopting a new software system (Aversano Tortorella, 2013). According to Aversano TortorellaRead MoreBandon Group: A Family Owned Office Equipment Business1166 Words   |  5 PagesScope of Stud y Bandon Group is a family owned distributor of office equipment. It is famous for its good customer service, technical support, and innovative products, and excellent in providing products with quality and services at cost-effective price (Summer, 2005). The Group now has four divisions, and they decentralize to meet the different needs of their local markets. Corporate headquarters handles the central administrations and information systems support. Bandon Group, Inc. is currently attemptingRead MoreFunctions Of An Effective Group1211 Words   |  5 PagesAn effective group or team carries out various task functions to perform its work successfully. There are various maintenance functions to ensure member satisfaction and to ensure there is a sense of team spirit. Teams that successfully fulfill these functions afford their members the potential for the social benefits of psychological intimacy and integrated involvement we discussed at the beginning of the chapter. Task functions are those activities directly related to the effective completion ofRead MoreIn Her Paper â€Å"Banks, Kinship, And Economic Development:972 Words   |  4 Pagesdevelopment, depending on the banking systems and the circumstances. She does this by providing an unorthodox example of the 19th century New England banks, which mainly served the interests of some kinship groups, but were also beneficial to the economy by providing more capital for indust rialization. These kinship networks raised capital from the community and used it to invest in business ventures through bank loans, resulting in higher capital circulation. In this system, banks financed their loans mostlyRead MoreQuestions and Answers About Networking: Subnets and Hub Essay1329 Words   |  6 PagesQ1:- Identify and explain the advantages of subnet? Answer: A subnet is a logical grouping of network devices. which mention which hosts a part of a sub network number are come with the subnet is divided into their respective networks virtually defined sections allows the administrator to gain a lot of network subnets. When there as any organization network divided i nto subnets allows it to be connected to the Internet with a single shared network address. Subnets outside an organization canRead MoreRegional Trade Agreements vs. Global Trade Liberalization1200 Words   |  5 Pagesbarriers to trade within the group than trade with nonmember nations,† (Carbaugh, p 529). Regional trade agreements don’t affect each nations domestic policies, it only creates increased trade and relations among certain nations. This type of trading system complements multilateral trading. Even though there are numerous positives to regional trade agreements, there are negatives as well. â€Å"Regional trading groups strengthen trade and the benefits thereof with groups but at the same time may serveRead MoreWhy The Electoral College Should Not Be Preserved999 Words   |  4 PagesWhy the Electoral College should not be preserved The Constitution Convention of 1787 gave birth to the system of Electoral College. According to the Constitution, electors per state are equal to the number of seats each state holds in the Congress, which include the Senate and the House of Representative delegations. California holds the most Electoral which is 54 electors. However, with every census the numbers of each states electoral change due to the process called reapportionment. ReapportionmentRead MoreThe Effect Of Performance Measurement On The Public Sector1533 Words   |  7 Pagesreduction, everyone must understand the purpose of inspection. 4. Eliminate the practice of using cost as the basis for awarding business. 5. Improve systems of production and service continuously. 6. Implement modern training methods. 7. Teach leadership. 8. Eliminate fear, build trust, and create an environment conducive to innovation. 9. Staff and work groups must be optimized toward the aims of the organization. 10. Eliminate please to the workforce. 11. Eliminate numerical quotas for work, insteadRead MoreDesigning A Multi Tasking Processes By Scheduler Skeleton And Data Algorithms1337 Words   |  6 Pagesperformance balance and sharing CPU equally in the system. In the scheduling of Kernel, each process has a priority value which ranges from 1 to 139. 1 is the highest priority level. 139 is the lowest priority level. The real time priorities range from 1 to 99 and the normal priorities range from 100 to 139. The smaller number of priority value, the priority is higher. All real time programs have a higher priority than normal programs in the system. In Linux scheduling is implemented by a class named

Being A Family And Family Counselors Help People Work...

Sydni Lashley Ms.Milliner EES21QH-03 9/28/16-d2 I desire to be a family/marriage counselor a, â€Å"Marriage and family counselors help people work through problems and rebuild relationships†(http://www.counselor-license.com/careers/marriage-and-family.html#context/api/listings/prefilter) . All my life I loved to help people and help them get through the tribulations they were going through. I’m naturally comforting and a leader, so this career is the right pick for me. I’ve had influence in my life also that helped me to pick this career also, My mother is a guidance counselor and seeing her help people motivated me to take a career in counseling, also I remember in 9th grade i took a career quiz to see which career would best fit me, and when I took it it suggested counseling as one of the many jobs that would best fit me. As a counselor you are there to comfort the patient, and make sure they re comfortable. You have many duties to fulfill in this position, you have to establish and maintain a relation ship of trust and respect with your client, they won t open up if they don t trust nor respect you, it would be like talking to a brick wall. Also you can not judge the client nor show any type of bias towards them, they are there to be complete free and know that everything is strictly confidential in a judgment-free zone. You have to be able to help them make decisions, and also help them to understand why they keep making the same mistakes and how to stopShow MoreRelatedUse Of Reality Therapy ( Rt ) Approach1342 Words   |  6 Pagesapproach because it states that in this form of therapy it focuses on the present and not the past events. Knowing this, this theory may help Ana with her present negative emotions. In this paper I will be addressing the different concepts involved with RT, this includes the RT goals, intervention strategies, short-term and long-term counseling sessions, counselor and client roles in the counseling, population social and cultural roles, additional in formation that may be needed, and the risks in theRead MoreCounseling, Cognitive And Behavioral Therapies1165 Words   |  5 PagesVerbal, nonverbal, and written are some of the ways to communicate during counseling. Counseling allows a person to share their feelings, thoughts and problems to another (a counselor) in a dependable and confidential environment. Normally the counselor empathizes with the clients. Many types of counseling are evident depending on the type of problem one has. Counseling usually involves the psychology, therefore, can be termed as psychological therapy. One of the psychological therapies is behavioralRead MoreAmerican Counseling Association : Professional Counselors Essay2167 Words   |  9 Pagesthe organization’s mission is to help society by offering well trained professional counselors. In the process, assisting counselors develop into the contingent professional’s in which society can depend upon, at the same time stimulating human self-worth and diversity. When counselors are trained in graduate school the aspects that goes into becoming a professional counselor, is they equipped with a vast amount of knowledge. Some of the basics include how to work with diverse populations, acknowledgingRead MoreInfidelity : Sexual Or Emotional Act1923 Words   |  8 Pagesthe latest year. Infidelity, which is a form of cheating, has become a common problem throughout America (Debernadi, Nicholas). Even though infidelity is the breaking of trust, it can cause major damage to a person mentally, physically, or emotionally. Infidelity is a sexual or emotional act engaged in by one person within a committed relationship. When infidelity is acted upon, that means the partner of the relationship has went against their vows. It has become an escalating epidemic that is veryRead MoreSexual Abuse And Child Abuse1983 Words   |  8 PagesSexual abuse to a child can be a confusing and devastating experience for the family. Families who are affected by child sexual abuse can have a difficult time talking about the abuse. Studies have shown that about one out of every four girls and one out of every five boys are sexually abused by the time they are 18 years old. Sexual abuse to children does not discriminate based on socioeconomic status, ethnicity, culture, religion or education. Treating a victim of child sexual abuse is a difficultRead MoreDomestic Violence in the United States Essay2145 Words   |  9 Pages100 Date: 20 April 2009 Introduction The office of domestic violence against women defines domestic violence as pattern of abusive behavior in any relationship that is used by one partner to gain or maintain power and control over another intimate partner. Domestic violence does not just affect the immediate victim but is a widespread problem in the United States. Eighthly five percent of domestic violence victims are women (Domestic Violence Facts, 2007). Results of violence can be health careRead MoreThe Teachings and Influence of Bill Gothard2327 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction: Influencing hundreds of thousands of people over the span of fifty years, Bill Gothard has become an icon of Christian counseling in the United States and in the world at large. His work in determining the basic conflicts in the hearts of people and his devotion to creating a Bible-based community and curriculum for homeschooling families has made him a powerful leader in the realm of Christian counseling and teaching and has endeared him to many. His counseling style has affectedRead MoreChild Sexual Abuse Essay2930 Words   |  12 Pages Child Sexual Abuse Sexual abuse to a child at times is confusing to the family. Families who are affected by sexual abuse to a child tend to have a difficult time talking about the abuse. About one out of every four girls and one out of every five boys are sexually abused by the time they are 18 years old. Sexual abuse to children happens across every socioeconomic status, ethnic, cultural, religion and education. Getting treatment for a victim of child sexual abuseRead MoreThe Client : Jean Has Been A Friend Of Mine Since August 1996 Essay2619 Words   |  11 Pagesquickly despite our different personality traits. I had been quite yet outgoing in high school and Jean was lively and animated. People wondered how we could be so opposite, yet great friends. Our friendship continued to grow over the years and we became best friends. Throughout the years of friendship we talked about her romantic relationships and my romantic relationships. We trusted each other with private experiences that we would not tell anyone else. Our communication was very open, honestRead MoreQuestions On Group Counseling Proposal3651 Words   |  15 Pagesthe behaviors that children may display when going through a period of family breakup. In addition, I will discuss how group counseling may benefit adolescent children in coping with divorce and strategies that may help limit unwanted behaviors. Part 1: Background Potential Problem Adolescent children may display many different types of behaviors when coping with a split family of divorce. Parents will try to cover their feelings when going through a divorce in efforts to not upset the children.

Three Goals Essay Research Paper Life is free essay sample

Three Goals Essay, Research Paper Life is a uninterrupted journey. So far, my journey has been a pursuit to carry through felicity, a hunt for cognition and a yearning for wealth. Throughout the old ages, I have been in chase of these ends. What I have achieved is simply the tip of the iceberg compared to my dreams, but the passions that drive me will non discontinue until they have been satisfied. Happiness is the kernel of all my ends. Without felicity, there is no significance to life! It is like being entirely in the rain. A cloud of sadness bents over you like a expletive that will non travel off. Happiness is being with your friends. It is the feeling when person gives you a assisting manus when you fall, or a rap in the dorsum when you win. It is besides the feeling of love: the heat that you feel when you hold the one you love in your weaponries. We will write a custom essay sample on Three Goals Essay Research Paper Life is or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Happiness is non something that can be achieved easy ; it requires love and honor, commiseration and pride and compassion and forfeit. Knowledge is besides something that is non achieved easy. The hunt for cognition has ever driven me bec ause human sort knows merely so small about the things that surrounds them. I wish to unveil secrets, do the unachievable, and see the universe no 1 else sees. These dreams are non easy accomplishable, but with each measure I take, they become one measure closer, and life becomes more fulfilling. Wealth on the other manus, is non something that fulfills your mental aspirations. It is more of a physical object. It is the footing of all minutess that take topographic point in this modern universe. There are many things that money can non purchase, but for everything else, it is an indispensable thing that can do life a batch easier. It automatically gives you power and regard. It can better your life style. You do non necessitate to worry about money, or anything that requires money. You have more clip to follow your dreams, and to be with your loved 1s. This is what wealth can convey you. These are my dreams. They will all play a different function in my life, and non all of them I can accomplish. But the sum of attempt I put Forth to accomplish them will be equal to the sum I shall have. There will be no sorrow.

Charismatic leadership Essay Example

Charismatic leadership Paper A team is a group comprised of individuals who come together for one common goal. Teams face many obstacles such as conflicts, commitments, communication barriers, and leadership roles. Although a team will be confronted with obstacles, team mates must develop resolutions in order to achieve the common goal. Conflict is the result of dissatisfaction, frustration or incompatibility in relations between individuals or groups of individuals such as organizations, cultural groups, nations, management groups, age groups and in a wide range of other situations. Conflict is possible in a wide variety of situations and perspectives. This paper describes a number of different methods for effectively resolving conflict among members of a work team. The paper first characterizes the different stages of work team formation and explains when and why conflicts are most likely to arise. The paper then lays out some ground rules for dealing with conflicts within the work teams while emphasizing the importance of establishing project goals as well as good communication between members. Finally, the paper describes the three different types of conflicts that may arise. In the first stage forming, new team members seek guidance from team leaders. This is an excellent time for a leader to clearly establish goals and objectives. These goals and objectives should translate into expectations. The second stage, storming, is where competition and conflict occur. Conflict and Resolution 3 A new team must be permitted to allow for new personalities to demonstrate levels of flexibility for attitude adjustments. We will write a custom essay sample on Charismatic leadership specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Charismatic leadership specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Charismatic leadership specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Patience is difficult at this stage but as conflict occurs; the group must work with the understanding that clear expectations are in place to establish rules for whom is responsible for specific tasks, for who is in charge, and what rules lead to reward and discipline. Having established clear expectations prior to or in stage one of the group process can therefore simplify aspects of this stage. In the third stage, norming, group dynamic forms. If expectations have been clearly established, the group begins to think as a unit. Thus, the group can exchange levels of creativity to meet expectations. In the fourth stage, performing, expectations are met at a new level. Here, a group evolves into individual members excelling while still adding to the dynamic of the group. Clear expectations are established when a group successfully gets to this stage. In the fifth stage, adjourning, the group should again be meeting clearly established goals. In other words, clearly established expectations help avoid apprehension during dismissal. Time management and how to achieve a successful balance in our lives among our many activities is something every person needs to know and practice. Often, prioritizing our day or week is not easy, yet by implementing some strategic personal initiatives, we can take giant strides toward meeting our goal of more effective time management. However negative conflict results in upsetting the team composition, which in turn leads to failure of the team to achieve its objectives. The notion that conflict should be avoided is one of the major contributors to the growth of destructive conflict in the workplace. The bad view of conflict is associated with a vision of organizational effectiveness that is no longer valid (and perhaps never was). Conflict can be directed and managed so that it causes both people and organizations to grow, innovate and improve. However, this requires that conflict not be repressed, since attempts to repress are more likely to generate very ugly situations. Common repression strategies to be avoided are: non-action, administrative orbiting, secrecy and law and order. There are three approaches to handling conflict: Traditional (avoid all conflict), human relation (conflict is natural and is dealt with in an appropriate manner) and interactions (some degree of conflict is required to achieve progress particularly in the workplace). A key element in understanding and adapting to these different concepts is often rooted in ones sense of self and self-disclosure. Having an array of individual differences can make the environment endlessly challenging. Growing diversity creates a view of individual differences in increasingly different ways. Conflict and Resolution 5 One important variable in organizational behavior is based on oneself concept. Ideas of self vary from one historical era to another, from one socioeconomic group to another, and from culture to culture, but all these thought patterns are part of the interplay between human beings. Conflict is an expressed struggle; it is a given consideration whenever there are differences among members in a group. An expressed struggle may be verbal or non-verbal, so long as one group communicates effectively the different sentiments that he has about the issue to the other group. A difference in the perceived incompatible goals is another antecedent that cannot be avoided during team conflicts. The individual and his or her work situation are affected by how he handles such issues as conflict resolution, stress management, interpersonal communication, and non-verbal communication. These dimensions of everyday life have to be addressed by everyone, and how well he manages to do this determines his own sense of well-being and self-esteem, on the one hand and how he is viewed. An individuals lack of an understanding of how communication skills work and how important they are to other individuals will seriously impede that persons ability to resolve conflicts, while individuals who have good strong communication skills are able to deal with emotional conflicts quickly and easily. Conflict and Resolution 6 It appears that there are many processes and structures used to teach these things to individuals but they do not always work in the way that they should and many people are left with difficulties in communication when he faces some type of emotional conflict with another individual. It is important for these individuals to develop skills in communication and collaboration that are very effective and when they learn how to deal with emotional conflict management they become assets not only for the clients that they deal with but for their employers as well. Commitment means to agree and/or pledge. In other words, you he must follow through with the commitment as promised. It requires one to evaluate a situation and figure out what can be added or needs to be accomplished. When one commits it is held as a promise to self and/or others. In a learning team environment members of the team are assigned various tasks. Each team member is responsible to complete his tasks. When other people are affected by the commitment it is important to complete the tasks. Learning Teammates are committed to complete his assignment s in an orderly manner. It is also important to give your team mates the best. Maintaining a commitment to yourself gives one a sense of pride and accomplishment. It also allows people to accomplishment their goals. Renewing commitments is important because each person is able to evaluate and assess the various goals that have been set. Conflict and Resolution 7 This is also used as a tracking system so that you are aware of what goals have been achieved and what areas still need work. It is difficult to commit to something by verbally communicating the commitment to others. Therefore, it is advantageous to write the commitment on paper. This can also be used as a tracking system. When you are able to document your progression, it is easier to visually see your progression and failures. This tracking system allows you to evaluate and strategize their goals. Barriers to effective communication spring up just about everywhere in day-to-day life but they can often be most apparent in the work environment. In the past, a major barrier to communication may have been the distance separating one business location from another, but in the modern world of the Internet and satellite communications, there are still many other barriers, which get in the way of effective communication in the workplace. A barrier is anything that gets in the way of the purpose of the organization, or causes people to misunderstand each other. Since communication is a key to just about every aspect of every organization, it is an important and valuable tool for every person in the organization, and if used effectively, it can add to the success and value of the organization for everyone involved. As one communications expert noted, Without communication, not even the first steps can be taken toward human cooperation, and it is impossible to speak about organizational problems without speaking about communication, or at least taking it for granted. Conflict and Resolution 8 Communication refers to the process of creating shared understanding between two individuals or between an individual and a group. This includes that communication is a process of interacting with others. For example, talking is not communication. Having someone hear that talking and create meaning from it is communication. This illustrates one of the main features of communication that it is a transactional process. A transactional process is defined as, a process in which two or more people exchange speaker and listener roles, and in which the behavior of each person is dependent on and influenced by the other There are many different methods of Leadership. Most groups and teams generally use five levels of decision-making: command, consult, majority, consensus and unanimity. It is easy to understand that these decision types are very closely related to the time constraints before a decision is determined. When the command type of decision-making process is used, the leader identifies the tasks at hand and designates responsibilities to all the members. This type of decision-making can be accomplished in the shortest possible time-it however, has a major drawback. It will be difficult for the leader to get buy-ins for the task from team members if the members do not agree with the decision made. Another method is leading highly motivated and skilled people, who have produced excellent work in the past, and have a history of efficiency. Conflict and Resolution 9 Once a leader has established that his or her team is confident, capable and motivated, he or she can step back and let them get on with the task. In this type or organization, if the leader interferes, he or she can generate resentment and detract from his effectiveness. By handing over ownership, a leader empowers his or her group to achieve their goals. What is important to note about this leader, in handing over the ownership, he or she has also relinquished their own active involvement in the process, and thereby diminished his or her influence, and thereby his or her level of effectiveness. There is also the leadership with power. It has different levels of power. The first being reward power or the ability to provide rewards for a job well done. The next is coercive power or the ability to punish for an unacceptable performance. The last type of power that a leader has within an organization is legitimate power or his actual position that gives them the right to have authority. A leaders degree of power in the organization is given with the status of his position. A manager will use these powers at different times depending on the details of the situation. The first one is the talker and the one who receives the communication is the listener. Conflict and Resolution 10 Often, one hears the term lack of communication when some misunderstanding occurs between these two parties, which most of the time implies that whoever delivering the message did not do an effective job. This may not always be true. Unfortunately, few know how to be good listeners. Statistics indicate that the normal, untrained listener is likely to understand and retain only about 50 % of a conversation. One has to develop appropriate skills and techniques to be a good attentive listener during individual conversations and during meetings and lectures. Strange as it may sound, there are courses and training sessions conducted to develop listening skills Other forms of leadership involve direct and indirect leadership. Direct leadership involves those activities which the principle does himself/herself, with very little assistance from anyone else. Alternatively, those activities that are carried out through teachers are regarded as indirect leadership activities. The ability of a leader to lead and appeal to others around him is important. Charisma is defined as charm, personality, appeal, magnetism that an individual possesses. It is a trait most think they are born with-charisma can however also be taught with varying success to people who do not possess it. Emotional resilience and rational thinking in addition to the qualitative leadership skills are important requirements for a charismatic leader. Conflict and Resolution 11 Organizational motivation is an area where charismatic leadership can be used very successfully. The art of knowing how to lead and the ways of leading may differ between various leaders.

The Crito essays

The Crito essays The dialogue of The Crito, by Plato, recounts the last days of Socrates, immediately before his execution was going to take place in Athens. In the dialogue, Socrates friend, Crito, proposes that Socrates escape from prison. Socrates considers this proposal, trying to decide if escaping would be just and morally justified. Socrates argues against his escape by relating the regulations of the state to the duties of citizens within the state. Socrates sees his execution as a justified because he thinks that he will be performing an unjust action to the state, himself, as well as his followers by escaping. Crito sees Socrates execution as unjust because of a few reasons, but most of all because Socrates has been imprisoned unjustly thus making his escape seem just. In this essay I will compare both arguments as well as give my beliefs as to why I think Socrates decision was the best decision. Crito begins by giving 3 main reasons as to why Socrates should not escape. First both Socrates and his friends will be severly criticized if he does escape. He thinks that they will be looked down upon for not helping Socrates escape. Socrates feels that the opinion of some should be regarded and the opinion of the others should not. Next Crito points out that Socrates would be hypocritical in that he had preached his entire life about human excellence and that by not escaping was cowardly and showed an extreme lack of bravery. Thirdly, he points out that it would should an extreme lack of character to let his children grow up without the guidance that Socrates has to offer. Socrates on the other hand feels that by escaping from prison it would be a violation of the law of the land and would clearly imply that Socrates is an enemy to that which makes an orderly society. Socrates feels that the Athenian society has given him so much and because of that fact he has a moral responsibility to accep...

Anne Hutchinson, Early American Religious Dissident

Anne Hutchinson, Early American Religious Dissident Anne Hutchinson was a leader in religious dissent in the Massachusetts colony, nearly causing a major schism in the colony before she was expelled. Shes considered a major figure in the history of religious freedom in America. Dates: baptized July 20, 1591 (birth date unknown); died in August or September of 1643 Biography Anne Hutchinson was born Anne Marbury in Alford, Lincolnshire. Her father, Francis Marbury, was a clergyman from the gentry and was Cambridge-educated. He went to prison three times for his views and lost his office for advocating, among other views, that the clergy be better educated. Her father was called by the Bishop of London, at one time, an ass, an idiot and a fool. Her mother, Bridget Dryden, was Marburys second wife. Bridgets father, John Dryden, was a friend of the humanist Erasmus and an ancestor of the poet John Dryden. When Francis Marbury died in 1611, Anne continued to live with her mother until she married William Hutchinson the next year. Religious Influences Lincolnshire had a tradition of women preachers, and theres some indication that Anne Hutchinson knew of the tradition, though not the specific women involved. Anne and William Hutchinson, with their growing family eventually, fifteen children several times a year made the 25-mile journey to attend the church served by the minister John Cotton, a Puritan. Anne Hutchinson came to consider John Cotton her spiritual mentor. She may have begun holding womens prayer meetings at her home during these years in England. Another mentor was John Wheelwright, a clergyman in Bilsby, near Alford, after 1623. Wheelwright in 1630 married William Hutchinsons sister, Mary, bringing him even closer to the Hutchinson family. Emigration to Massachusetts Bay In 1633, Cottons preaching was banned by the Established Church and he emigrated to Americas Massachusetts Bay. The Hutchinsons oldest son, Edward, was part of Cottons initial emigrant group. That same year, Wheelwright was also banned. Anne Hutchinson wanted to go to Massachusetts, too, but pregnancy kept her from sailing in 1633. Instead, she and her husband and their other children left England for Massachusetts the next year. Suspicions Begin On the journey to America, Anne Hutchinson raised some suspicions about her religious ideas. The family spent several weeks with a minister in England, William Bartholomew, while waiting for their ship, and Anne Hutchinson shocked him with her claims of direct divine revelations. She claimed direct revelations again on board the Griffin, in talking to another minister, Zachariah Symmes. Symmes and Bartholomew reported their concerns upon their arrival in Boston in September. The Hutchinsons tried to join Cottons congregation on arrival and, while William Hutchinsons membership was approved quickly, the church examined the views of Anne Hutchinson before they admitted her to membership. Challenging Authority Highly intelligent, well-studied in the Bible from the education provided her with her fathers mentorship and her own years of self-study, skilled in midwifery and medicinal herbs, and married to a successful merchant, Anne Hutchinson quickly became a leading member of the community. She began leading weekly discussion meetings. At first these explained Cottons sermons to the participants. Eventually, Anne Hutchinson began reinterpreting the ideas preached in the church. Anne Hutchinsons ideas were rooted in what was called by opponents Antinomianism (literally: anti-law). This system of thought challenged the doctrine of salvation by works, emphasizing the direct experience of a relationship with God, and focusing on salvation by grace. The doctrine, by relying on individual inspiration, tended to elevate the Holy Spirit above the Bible, and also challenged the authority of the clergy and of church (and government) laws over the individual. Her ideas were counterposed to the more orthodox emphasis on a balance of grace and works for salvation (Hutchinsons party thought they overemphasized works and accused them of Legalism) and ideas about clergy and church authority. Anne Hutchinsons weekly meetings turned to twice a week, and soon fifty to eighty people were attending, both men and women. Henry Vane, the colonial governor, supported Anne Hutchinsons views, and he was a regular at her meetings, as were many in the colonys leadership. Hutchinson still saw John Cotton as a supporter, as well as her brother-in-law John Wheelwright, but had few others among the clergy. Roger Williams had been banished to Rhode Island in 1635 for his non-orthodox views. Anne Hutchinsons views, and their popularity, caused more of a religious rift. The challenge to authority was especially feared by the civil authorities and clergy when some adherents to Hutchinsons views refused to take up arms in the militia which was opposing the Pequots, with whom the colonists were in conflict in 1637. Religious Conflict and Confrontation In March of 1637, an attempt to bring the parties together was held, and Wheelwright was to preach a unifying sermon. However, he took the occasion to be confrontational and was found guilty of sedition and contempt in a trial before the General Court. In May, elections were moved so that fewer of the men in Anne Hutchinsons party voted, and Henry Vane lost the election to deputy governor and Hutchinson opponent John Winthrop. Another supporter of the orthodox faction, Thomas Dudley, was elected deputy governor. Henry Vane returned to England in August. That same month, a synod was held in Massachusetts which identified the views held by Hutchinson as heretical. In November 1637, Anne Hutchinson was tried before the General Court on charges of heresy and sedition. The outcome of the trial was not in doubt: the prosecutors were also the judges since her supporters had, by that time, been excluded (for their own theological dissent) from the General Court. The views she held had been declared heretical at the August synod, so the outcome was predetermined. After the trial, she was put into the custody of Roxburys marshal, Joseph Weld. She was brought to Cottons home in Boston several times so that he and another minister could convince her of the error of her views. She recanted publicly but soon admitted that she still held her views. Excommunication In 1638, now accused of lying in her recantation, Anne Hutchinson was excommunicated by the Boston Church and moved with her family to Rhode Island to land purchased from the Narragansetts. They were invited by Roger Williams, who had founded the new colony as a democratic community with no enforced church doctrine. Among Anne Hutchinsons friends who also moved to Rhode Island was Mary Dyer. In Rhode Island, William Hutchinson died in 1642. Anne Hutchinson, with her six youngest children, moved first to Long Island Sound and then to the New York (New Netherland) mainland. Death There, in 1643, in August or September, Anne Hutchinson and all but one member of her household were killed by Native Americans in a local uprising against the taking of their lands by the British colonists. Anne Hutchinsons youngest daughter, Susanna, born in 1633, was taken captive in that incident, and the Dutch ransomed her. Some of the Hutchinsons enemies among the Massachusetts clergy thought that her end was divine judgment against her theological ideas. In 1644, Thomas Weld, on hearing of the death of the Hutchinsons, declared Thus the Lord heard our groans to heaven and freed us from this great and sore affliction. Descendants In 1651 Susanna married John Cole in Boston. Another daughter of Anne and William Hutchinson, Faith, married Thomas Savage, who commanded the Massachusetts forces in King Philips War, a conflict between Native Americans and the English colonists. Controversy: History Standards In 2009, a controversy over history standards established by the Texas Board of Education involved three social conservatives as reviewers of the K-12 curriculum, including adding more references to the role of religion in history.   One of their proposals was to remove references to Anne Hutchinson who taught religious views that different from the officially sanctioned religious beliefs. Selected Quotations As I do understand it, laws, commands, rules and edicts are for those who have not the light which makes plain the pathway. He who has Gods grace in his heart cannot go astray. The power of the Holy Spirit dwelleth perfectly in every believer, and the inward revelations of her own spirit, and the conscious judgment of her own mind are of authority paramount to any word of God. I conceive there lies a clear rule in Titus that the elder women should instruct the younger and then I must have a time wherein I must do it. If any come to my house to be instructed in the ways of God what rule have I to put them away? Do you think  it not lawful for me to teach women and why do you call me to teach the court? When I first came to this land because I did not go to such meetings as those were, it was presently reported that I did not allow of such meetings but held them unlawful and therefore in that regard they said I was proud and did despise all ordinances. Upon that a friend came unto me and told me of it and I to prevent such aspersions took it up, but it was in practice before I came. Therefore I was not the first. I am called here to answer before you, but I hear no things laid to my charge. I desire to know wherefore I am banished? Will it please you to answer me this and to give me a rule for then I will willingly submit to any truth. I do here speak it before the court. I look that the Lord should deliver me by his providence. If you please to give me leave I shall give you the ground of what I know to be true. The Lord judges not as man judges. Better to be cast out of the church than to deny Christ. A Christian is not bound to the law. But now having seen him which is invisible I fear not what man can do unto me. What from the Church at Boston? I know no such church, neither will I own it. Call it the whore and strumpet of Boston, no Church of Christ! You have power over my body but the Lord Jesus hath power over my body and soul; and assure yourselves thus much, you do as much as in you lies to put the Lord Jesus Christ from you, and if you go on in this course you begin, you will bring a curse upon you and your posterity, and the mouth of the Lord hath spoken it. He that denies the testament denies the testator, and in this did open unto me and give me to see that those which did not teach the new covenant had the spirit of antichrist, and upon this he did discover the ministry unto me; and ever since, I bless the Lord, he hath let me see which was the clear ministry and which the wrong. For you see this scripture fulfilled this day and therefore I desire you as you tender the Lord and the church and commonwealth to consider and look what you do. But after he was pleased to reveal himself to me I did presently, like Abraham, run to Hagar. And after that he did let me see the atheism of my own heart, for which I begged of the Lord that it might not remain in my heart. I have been guilty of wrong thinking. They thought that I did conceive there was a difference between them and Mr. Cotton... I might say they might preach a covenant of works as did the apostles, but to preach a covenant of works and to be under a covenant of works is another business. One may preach a covenant of grace more clearly than another... But when they preach a covenant of works for salvation, that is not truth. I pray, Sir, prove it that I said they preached nothing but a covenant of works.   Thomas Weld, on hearing of the death of the Hutchinsons: Thus the Lord heard our groans to heaven and freed us from this great and sore affliction.   From the sentence at her trial read by Governor Winthrop: Mrs. Hutchinson, the sentence of the court you hear is that you are banished from out of our jurisdiction as being a woman not fit for our society. Background, Family Father: Francis Marbury, a clergyman in the Church of EnglandMother: Bridget DrydenHusband: William Hutchinson (married 1612; well-to-do cloth merchant)Children: 15 in 23 years Also known as Anne Marbury, Anne Marbury Hutchinson Bibliography Helen Auger. An American Jezebel: The Life of Anne Hutchinson. 1930.Emery John Battis. Saints and Sectaries: Anne Hutchinson and the Antinomian Controversy in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. 1962.Thomas J. Bremer, editor. Anne Hutchinson: Troubler of the Puritan Zion. 1981.Edith R. Curtis. Anne Hutchinson. 1930.David D. Hall, editor. The Antinomian Controversy, 1636-1638. 1990, second edition. (Includes records from Hutchinsons trial.)Winifred King Rugg. Unafraid: A Life of Anne Hutchinson. 1930.N. Shore. Anne Hutchinson. 1988.William H. Whitmore and William S. Appleton, editors. Hutchinson Papers. 1865.Selma R. Williams. Divine Rebel: The Life of Anne Marbury Hutchinson. 1981.